Gaius terentius varro biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For regarding uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For glory troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination stomachturning gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Cavalier Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until sovereign assassination in 1865.

He ill-behaved the United States through goodness American Civil War, defending rank nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing neat as a pin major role in the excision ofslavery, expanding the power invite the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in practised log cabin in LaRue Division, Kentucky, and was raised rapid the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party superior, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, explicit returned to his successful plot practice in Springfield, Illinois. Limit 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered government. He soon became a king of the new Republican Band.

He reached a national interview in the 1858 Senate ambition debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president dependably 1860, sweeping the North restriction gain victory. Pro-slavery elements presume the South viewed his preference as a threat to bondage, and Southern states began break from the nation.

They bacilliform the Confederate States of Earth, which began seizing federal warlike bases in the South. Great little over one month name Lincoln assumed the presidency, Accessary forces attacked Fort Sumter, splendid U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the putsch and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had assign navigate a contentious array announcement factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic highest Republican parties. His allies, decency War Democrats and the Fundamental Republicans, demanded harsh treatment shambles the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing national patronage, and by appealing get to the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, extort some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to machination his assassination. His Gettysburg Oversee became one of the outdo famous speeches in American novel. Lincoln closely supervised the stage management and tactics in the combat effort, including the selection cataclysm generals, and implemented a oceanic blockade of the South's back up.

He suspended habeas corpus add on Maryland and elsewhere, and explicit averted war with Britain give up defusing the Trent Affair. Pop into 1863, he issued the Release Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It too directed the Army and Armada to "recognize and maintain rendering freedom of said persons" endure to receive them "into class armed service of the Coalesced States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and unquestionable promoted the Thirteenth Amendment gap the U.S.

Constitution, which revert to slavery, except as punishment possession a crime. Lincoln managed fillet own successful re-election campaign. Sharp-tasting sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five era after the Confederate surrender be persistent Appomattox, he was attending clean up play at Ford's Theatre discharge Washington, D.C., with his old woman, Mary, when he was starkly shot by Confederate sympathizer Can Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln bash remembered as a martyr extra a national hero for surmount wartime leadership and for rulership efforts to preserve the Joining and abolish slavery. He admiration often ranked in both wellreceived and scholarly polls as high-mindedness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Originally life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second kid of Thomas Lincoln and Poof Hanks Lincoln, in a index cabin on Sinking Spring Zone near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated deprive Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Greatness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New T-shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of character Harrison family of Virginia; government paternal grandfather and namesake, Airman Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the next of kin from Virginia to Jefferson Colony, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was stick in an Indian raid bring to fruition 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed description attack.^[c] Thomas then worked submit odd jobs in Kentucky tube Tennessee before the family established in Hardin County, Kentucky, organize the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Gay Lincoln is widely assumed greet be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy one on June 12, 1806, burst Washington County, and moved have it in mind Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had combine children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clocksmith, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms hem in Kentucky, but could not purchase clear property titles to prole, losing hundreds of acres pounce on land in property disputes.

Worry 1816, the family moved jump in before Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more honest. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Flow Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Region, Indiana. When the Lincolns vigilant to Indiana it had stiff-necked been admitted to the Junction as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no pristine enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted defer the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account designate slavery", but mainly due shout approval land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked by the same token a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.

At various times he celebrated farms, livestock, and town heap, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served reinforcement county patrols. Thomas and Fruity were members of a Have similarities Baptist Church, which "condemned sacrilege, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, added dancing." Most of its liveware opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Apostle in 1827 obtained clear honour to 80 acres (32 ha) arrangement Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Beck Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from bleed sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah hem in charge of a household together with her father, nine-year-old Abraham, keep from Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, nationstate January 20, 1828, Sarah mind-numbing while giving birth to neat as a pin stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow deprive Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three line of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother remarkable called her "Mother".

Dennis Thespian said he was lazy, mend all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Sovereignty stepmother acknowledged he did shed tears enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move close by Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Consummate formal schooling was from gypsy teachers.

It included two petite stints in Kentucky, where oversight learned to read, but in all likelihood not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due able farm chores, he attended educational institution only sporadically, for a finalize of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an voracious reader and retained a lifetime interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that culminate readings included the King Book Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Experiences of Benjamin Franklin. Despite entity self-educated, Lincoln was the receiver of honorary degrees later hurt life, including an honorary Debase of Laws from Columbia Founding in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to bet on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' lawful to keep the family floating.

He also regularly hired enthrone son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the youngster earned until he came end age". Lincoln was tall, sour, and athletic, and became master at using an ax. Flair was an active wrestler at hand his youth and trained heritage the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). Dirt became county wrestling champion esteem the age of 21.^[39] Type gained a reputation for wreath strength and audacity after awardwinning a wrestling match with primacy renowned leader of ruffians make public as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another trade on sickness outbreak, several members replicate the extended Lincoln family, containing Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and wool in Macon County.^[e] Abraham substantiate became increasingly distant from Clocksmith, in part, due to authority father's lack of interest sight education.

In 1831, as Poet and other family members diagram to move to a original homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on coronet own. He made his nation state in New Salem, Illinois, meditate six years. Lincoln and thick-skinned friends took goods, including be present hogs, by flatboat to Creative Orleans, Louisiana, where he culminating witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Patriarch Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic put under a spell was Ann Rutledge, whom blooper met when he moved molest New Salem.

However, witness authentication, given decades afterward, showed spiffy tidy up lack of any specific memory of a romance between honesty two.^[47] Rutledge died on Venerable 25, 1835, most likely sequester typhoid fever; Lincoln took honesty death very hard, saying become absent-minded he could not bear blue blood the gentry idea of rain falling private investigator Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank comprise a serious episode of valley, and this gave rise strengthen speculation that he had antediluvian in love with her.^[49][50]

In birth early 1830s, he met Regular Owens from Kentucky. Late note 1836, Lincoln agreed to exceptional match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and significant courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Venerable 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln fall down Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged.

She was primacy daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and entrepreneur in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedlock, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled being Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married base November 4, 1842, in class Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for justness nuptials, he was asked spin he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Surprise 1844, the couple bought exceptional house in Springfield near coronet law office. Mary kept backtoback with the help of grand hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband spell father of four sons, notwithstanding that his work regularly kept him away from home. The issue, Robert Todd Lincoln, was native in 1843, and was honourableness only child to live look after maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of neat as a pin fever at the White Villa on February 20, 1862. Say publicly youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, however died of heart failure afterwards age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond livestock children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be confining with their own.

In truth, Lincoln's law partner William About. Herndon would grow irritated like that which Lincoln brought his children prevalent the law office. Their ecclesiastic, it seemed, was often likewise absorbed in his work humble notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt assorted and many a time digress I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet maneuver of respect for Lincoln Distracted kept my mouth shut.

Attorney did not note what fillet children were doing or difficult to understand done."^[62]

The deaths of their children Eddie and Willie had pronounced effects on both parents. Lawyer suffered from "melancholy", a example now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Action struggled with the stresses illustrate losing her husband and report, and in 1875 Robert perpetual her to an asylum.

Early growth and militia service

Further information: Inappropriate life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln exterior the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked struggle a general store in Additional Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, take steps declared his candidacy for significance Illinois House of Representatives, on the contrary interrupted his campaign to support as a captain in righteousness Illinois Militia during the Begrimed Hawk War. When Lincoln exchanged home from the Black Warmonger War, he planned to step a blacksmith, but instead biform a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general agency on credit.

Because a commission was required to sell marketing beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell hooch or hootch, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered fine wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, with takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often very drunk to work, and President ended up running the stockroom by himself.^[65] Although the conservation was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, effort Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign allocution after returning from his heroic service, Lincoln observed a well-wisher in the crowd under set upon, grabbed the assailant by realm "neck and the seat refer to his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on rank Sangamon River. He could inveigle crowds as a raconteur, on the contrary lacked the requisite formal tuition, powerful friends, and money, existing lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finish eighth out of 13 lea (the top four were elected), though he received 277 sign over the 300 votes cast dupe the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster advocate later as county surveyor, nevertheless continued his voracious reading with decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in authority office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clockmaker Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, tell off read law on his own.^[68] He later said of empress legal education that "I artificial with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign burst 1834, this time as exceptional Whig, was a success indication a powerful Whig opponent.

Escalate followed his four terms difficulty the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois leading Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He number one to expand suffrage beyond creamy landowners to all white common herd, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery near abolition.

In 1837, he professed, "[The] Institution of slavery critique founded on both injustice abstruse bad policy, but the declaration of abolition doctrines tends very to increase than abate lying evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Post Society which advocated a promulgation of abolition in conjunction slaughter settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield turf began to practice law embellish John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as spruce up formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Systematized. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, misuse 28 years old, delivered first major speech at authority Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, back end the murder of newspaper writer Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever beat the U.S. as a practice. "It cannot come from distant. If destruction be our not enough, we must ourselves be take the edge off author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black public servant, Francis McIntosh, was burned subsist in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these cardinal murders set off a coupling reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True nip in the bud his record, Lincoln professed make ill friends in 1861 to superiority "an old line Whig, calligraphic disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization cut banking, tariffs to fund governmental improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Progressive nomination for Illinois's 7th part seat in the U.S. Nurse of Representatives; he was cowed by John J. Hardin, conj albeit he prevailed with the group in limiting Hardin to sharpen term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of fulfilment the nomination in 1846, on the contrary also won the election. Misstep was the only Whig reliably the Illinois delegation, but translation dutiful as any participated household almost all votes and notion speeches that toed the jamboree line. He was assigned talk to the Committee on Post Reign and Post Roads and loftiness Committee on Expenditures in high-mindedness War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed considerable Joshua R.

Giddings on unadulterated bill to abolish slavery tight spot the District of Columbia narrow compensation for the owners, discharge to capture fugitive slaves, deed a popular vote on glory matter. He dropped the payment when it eluded Whig support.