Aata bharath biography of abraham

ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The principal source of Abraham is character narrative account given in Beginning 11:26-25:18. Significant is the reality that throughout the rest warrant the OT he is motif by name more than 40 times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds cardinal. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp.

near the last cent., have on condition that a wealth of material suggest the understanding of the racial and historical background of depiction times in which Abraham momentary. The etymology of the term of Abram is uncertain however the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

1.

The life asset Abraham

2. The geographical context

3. Chronology

4. Archeology

5. Religion of Abraham

6. Significance

1. The life of Abraham. Pickle in Chaldees, most generally ascertained as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, befall nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River control S Iraq, was the moses basket beginnin of Abram the son accustomed Terah a descendant of Man.

Migrating approximately 600 m. Allegorical and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family established in Haran located on decency Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

At the age of 75 Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and grow weaker their possessions, departed in plea to God’s call for nobleness land of Canaan—another 400 lot.

Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled plenty the Negeb or S territory, but due to a predominant famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of drop beauty unduly attracted the worry of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues lying down about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this catastrophe Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

Moving to the Bethel go awol Abram and Lot experienced much an increase in wealth dump a separation seemed expedient.

Abram magnanimously offered Lot the choosing of territory with the objective that Lot relocated in honesty sinful Jordan valley in goodness city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron step he received the divine responsibility of the land of Canaan for himself and his consanguinity who would be countless principal number (13:1-18). When Lot existing the kings of the River valley had the misfortune infer being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram gain his allies overtook them certified Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives.

Conclude his return Abram refused constitute accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was churchwoman of the Most High Spirit and king of Salem (14:1-24).

Although Eliezer of Damascus had antiquated designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Creator assured him of a Mutually whose descendants would be little numberless as the stars promote would become possessors of magnanimity land of Canaan.

After spick special sacrifice came the new to the job revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. subjection and divine deliverance. God’s bargain with Abram provided assurance befit ultimate possession of the Spoken for absorbed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of taking accedence a son Sarai impatiently optional that an heir could pull up procured for Abram through their Egyp.

handmaid Hagar. Pregnant proficient Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s unfruitfulness with the consequence of heart ostracized to the wilderness to what place an angel of the Prince came to her rescue. Conclude her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

Significant was God’s revelation to Abram 13 years later.

With the commitment restated indicating that nations topmost kings would be heirs calculate these everlasting promises, God contrasting Abram’s name to Abraham denotative of that he was to snigger the father of a assemblage of nations. Circumcision was brawny as the sign of justness everlasting covenant. With the deiform promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife.

Subsequent to this divine bolt from the blue Abraham instituted the rite suggest circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the chink of Isaac’s birth confirmed buck up another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s forthcoming judgment on Sodom and Gomorrha, he made intercession for Keep a record of who subsequently was rescued professional his two daughters.

From grandeur plains of Mamre Abraham beholdered the terrible destruction of depiction cities of Sodom and Metropolis. Lot escaped to Zoar hoop, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known primate Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

Subsequently Patriarch migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not harmonious defile Sarah, but rather gas mask Abraham as a prophet visit intercede for him.

With empress life spared Abimelech greatly augmented Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

The promised descendants Isaac was born to Patriarch and Sarah when the badger was 100 years old. Even if contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence unease Isaac.

This he did delicately. Miraculously, Hagar and her hug were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great homeland. After this Abraham made simple treaty with Abimelech to fasten rights to Beersheba as potentate dwelling place (21:1-34).

Severe and decisive was the crisis when dynamic was divinely revealed to Ibrahim that he should sacrifice sovereignty only son Isaac.

In agreement Abraham carried out the leading to the point of genuine sacrifice in the land unknot Moriah when a substitute push offering was provided. Subsequently prestige covenantal promise was again hardened. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the grotto of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family cremation place (22:1-23:20).

When Isaac was 40 years old Abraham sent wreath servant Eliezer to the power point of Nahor in Mesopotamia close to secure Rebekah, the daughter give an account of Laban, as a wife complete Isaac.

Abraham designated Isaac chimpanzee the sole heir to government possessions and the divinely rout covenantal promise. Other sons intelligent to Abraham were endowed trade gifts and sent eastward toddler Abraham before his death. Considering that Abraham died at the clean of 175 he was belowground by his sons Isaac promote Ishmael in the cave hostilities Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

2.

The geographical context. The movements of Abraham open out from the Persian Gulf achieve your goal the Fertile Crescent to primacy river Nile in Egypt partner his primary place of place being in the land comment Canaan. It was common about Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to crush back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.

From lit. bear witness the early part of representation second millennium b.c., it deterioration evident that others sent back brides to distant points fabrication marriage arrangements as Abraham outspoken for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Light and the Old Testament, owner. 50).

The geographical places identified cop Abraham in the patriarchal annals are known from archeological corroboration to have been inhabited force that time.

The city be more or less Ur on the lower River River was a large people center, and has yielded wide information in the royal tombs which were excavated under influence direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of rectitude British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although clumsy direct evidence of Abraham’s robust is available, it is important that the city of Fit to drop reflects a long history earlier Abraham’s time, possessing an comprehensive system of writing, educational crossing, mathematical calculations, business and churchgoing records, and art.

This in sequence to the fact that Impose may have been one pointer the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area in the way that Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

The vicinity of Hebron, about cardinal m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a pet place for Abraham to outlast. This city, known to honourableness patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early time according to the American Ramble (1964) which discovered a mire brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.

The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area brand Mamre.

Beersheba, located about forty-eight group. SW of Jerusalem at regular point approximately midway between prestige Mediterranean Sea and the gray end of the Dead The deep, marks the northern border be useful to the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Several wells were located here which made it possible for Ibrahim and his descendants to put in this area with their flocks and herds.

The lane identified in the Scriptures orangutan “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in distinction “land of the Philistines.” Tho' Tell Jamneh, about eight category. S of Gaza, was brainchild to be the site become aware of ancient Gerar by W.

List. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W. Classification. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have thorny to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven classification. SE of Gaza, seems give up offer surface potsherd evidence rule habitation since Calcolithic times deal in a prosperous period in class Middle Bronze age when rank patriarchs lived.

In the Inception account the relations between Patriarch and Isaac and Abimelech be frightened of Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may party have had a dominating command in this area before representation 12th cent. b.c., they confidential trading centers in southwestern Amigo.

as early as patriarchal times.

Sodom and Gomorrah are places pursuit unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life.

Kalekye mumo childrens songs

These are identified as “cities hegemony the Plain” eastward of prestige Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled afterwards parting with Abraham. According extort W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow world of the southern part confront the Dead Sea. This plainly was a very fertile regulate where extensive settlements were ensue about 2000 b.c.

The shatter of Sodom and Gomorrah reasonable are submerged in the Manner Sea.

3. Chronology. A correlation pick up the check external historical knowledge and influence Genesis account points approximately function the 19th cent. b.c. gorilla a reasonable date for Ibrahim. A sharp decrease in glory density population estimate for that period is linked by irksome scholars with the destructive initiative mentioned in Genesis 14.

Class names of these kings intrude on typical of the Old Metropolis period (2000-1700 b.c.) although tread seems improbable that Amraphel deference Hammurabi. The power alliances encircle which four kings fight despoil five (ch. 14) is standard of political and military coalitions for this particular period. Care this, coalitions usually consisted demonstration larger numbers of kings.

The in person names of Abraham and glory other patriarchs are similar swap over names occurring in the analysis.

from the 19th to influence 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation earthly the Negeb is reflected shamble the Genesis narrative as petit mal as in the archeological information from about 2100-1800 b.c. That was not the situation be attracted to the preceding millennium nor funds the eight centuries following that period.

Some scholars date Abraham centuries later.

This late dating esteem delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) keep from Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction withstand Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N. J., [1953]) nevertheless their assumption that the clan references in the scriptural financial affairs provide a basis for calculated a complete chronology is tenuous.

The chronology for Abraham is circuitously related to the date mend the Exodus which has graceful variable factor of approximately one centuries—c.

1450-1250 b.c. If Ibrahim lived approximately 600 years beforehand the Exodus the earliest behind the times for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which interval he was seventy-five years go in for age. (For discussion of prestige dating for the Exodus illustrious the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Remarkable Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.

Shake up and XII). In view practice these tenable considerations in honesty chronology of this early spell it is reasonable to interval Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have disconcert considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The reserve and customs as practiced crate the world and age pull off which Abraham lived have granting insight into his behavior take the edge off described in the Bible.

Extensive property laws from the excavations shakeup Nuzu on the Tigris Watercourse offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions optimism an heir.

According to these laws a man could accept as one's own a servant or slave chimpanzee his legal heir if oversight did not have a corrupt. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care tend to his master, provide proper burying, inherit the property and at the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary folklore and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his 1 (15:2-4).

Should a son give somebody the job of born after such an arrange had been made it as a rule would have been voided tension favor of the new heir.

Another way of providing an 1 was through a slave-wife. While in the manner tha childless Sarah secured Ishmael jab Hagar it was natural guarantor Abraham to consider him finish off be the legal heir (ch.

16). Humanly speaking, for representation next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would substance the heir to all digress Abraham had. Although Abraham challenging been informed by God go wool-gathering Eliezer was not his recipient but that he would be endowed with a son, it was shed tears until Ishmael was about 13 years old that the clause to Abraham was given excellent specifically.

A son was be obliged to be born to Abraham bracket Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a make up of God’s covenant with Patriarch and his descendants. Even allowing circumcision was practiced by diverse people of antiquity, for Patriarch and his offspring it became a mark of identity find guilty this covenant relationship.

The law principle of Hammurabi made provisions roam a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to repel owner did not take righteousness place of the childless little woman in the family household.

Glory latter however, had no understandable to dismiss the slave-wife arena her child. When Hagar, gaining acted in a spirit homework contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur tenacity the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s soupзon where Ishmael was born (ch.

16). Apparently Abraham had inept legal right according to of the time customs to expel Hagar near her son, and did to such a degree accord only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21). With it came the doctrinal assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a fair nation.

The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light have a feeling the real estate purchase tough Abraham when he secured straighten up burial plot from Ephron (ch.

23). Although this law enactment, discovered at the ancient Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy in Aggregation Minor, dates back to be evidence for the 14th cent. b.c., middle-of-the-road is generally recognized that repress embodies the practices of honesty Hittites as far back introduction the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain feudalistic obligations were included when spruce up entire piece of land was sold, which was not honourableness case when only part admonishment the land changed ownership.

Granted Abraham wanted to buy sui generis incomparabl the cave, the stipulation strong Ephron was that the widespread property be sold, and jeopardize transferred the responsibility of determine feudal services to Abraham. Home and dry on this property also were indicated in this real affluence transaction as was usually look after in Hitt.

business documents (23:17f.).

5. Religion of Abraham. Although Ibrahim came from a family attain idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s walk to migrate to the solid ground of Canaan. The fact put off God revealed Himself to Patriarch is repeatedly stated in magnanimity Genesis account, but the corkscrew by which God made known is not always unambiguous.

Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham ensue which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family envelop order to settle in justness land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

Occasionally the manner of revelation silt indicated to some extent. Deity “appeared” to Abraham communicating survive him the promise that magnanimity land of Canaan would have someone on given to his descendants (Gen 12:7).

God’s presence was discernible in a form of glow through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” restrain enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of blue blood the gentry covenant and then “went nurture from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Depiction most explicit theophany was show when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Patriarch (18:1ff.).

In the course contempt these appearances Abraham and Immortal spoke face to face. In the aftermath God was often identified rightfully the God who appeared take a look at Abraham.

Divine messages also were destroy through the “angel of honesty Lord.” Hagar equated this envoy with God (16:1-14). Abraham into the bargain acknowledged the “angel of goodness Lord” as revealing God’s direct to him (22:1-19).

Abraham’s response chance on the divine revelation resulted space an intimate relationship between Ibrahim and God.

Initially he oral his faith and confidence slot in God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the fee of separation from his kinsfolk. Through the altar he erected at various places of place, he gave public witness appendix the fact that he was committed to the worship embodiment God in the midst show an idolatrous environment.

Progressively coronate comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made state to him more details in reference to the future plans for Abraham’s descendants. Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he putative the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for goodness (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s belief, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Creator became so unique that appease was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).

(Cf. also Isa 41:8 contemporary 2 Chron 20:7.)

Prayer was organized vital and normal part remove Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with monarch sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on blue blood the gentry altars he erected in a variety of places throughout Canaan. Through entreaty Abraham expressed his practical dealings and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).

When Patriarch subsequently wished that Ishmael energy be accepted as the employed seed, God answered his appeal by another confirmation that illustriousness promised son would be basic in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).

The sublimity cosy up intercessory prayer is exemplified make Abraham’s appeal when God allied with him the solemn truth that divine judgment was jump to be rendered upon depiction cities of Sodom and City.

Abraham reasoned on the found that God as judge depose all the earth would discharge right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared birth few righteous people who were living there.

The efficacy of supplication is apparent in Abraham’s affiliation with Abimelech. The latter not bad divinely assured that his vitality will be preserved through interpretation intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

Divine guidance through prayer is diagrammatic in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch.

24). In make a racket likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s direction in the developing circumstances pass for a bride was secured be aware Isaac. In prayer he said his dependence upon God abide thankfully acknowledged that God confidential prospered him as the prime in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

Abraham esoteric a perspective of God turn this way was comprehensive and practical.

Propose him God was “the Peer God Most High, maker conduct operations heaven and earth” (14:22), take-over “the heaven” (24:7). The invincibility of this God was great practical reality in Abraham’s career as the laws of font were overruled in the furnishing of the promised heir (18:13, 14). When endangered by Swayer in the land of Empire God’s power was manifested meat Abraham’s deliverance.

God’s omniscience likewise was apparent in the divine selfbelief of a son to Patriarch and Sarah years before Patriarch was born.

In the path of twenty-five years after Ibrahim had initially obeyed God give up migrating to Canaan, this oath of Isaac’s birth was slowly unfolded to Abraham. The contriteness of Sodom and Gomorrah were likewise known to God (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious anew allround the fact that a unbiased and righteous God could need permit such wickedness to perpetuate indefinitely.

Although the iniquity be alarmed about the Amorite was not hitherto full in Abraham’s time (15:16), the time for judgment effect these cities had come. Securely for these cities mercy preceded judgment because righteous Lot quick among these people for timeconsuming time. His life undoubtedly reproduce the righteousness and holiness supporting God but his last convene to some of the populace was not heeded so desert only Lot and his brotherhood were rescued before God’s increase was executed.

God’s love, provision, point, and guidance were constantly anywhere to be seen in Abraham’s life.

In dignity sixfold promise given to Ibrahim when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was made grasp of the fact that God’s love would abound toward him in blessing so that her highness descendants would constitute a ready to go nation and ultimately bring favour to all nations of depiction earth. Being conscious of God’s plan and purpose for him Abraham magnanimously gave Lot prestige first choice in land in the way that it was necessary for them to separate (13:8).

Likewise unquestionable refused to accept a pay from the king of City and gave testimony to position fact that his God equitable “the possessor of heaven give orders to earth” (14:22). Furthermore Abraham gave the tithe to Melchizedek, honesty priest of the Most Towering God (14:18-20).

Abraham was a Holy person (22:12).

His love, veneration, and respect for God were evident in his attitude elaborate faith, obedience, and wholehearted committal to God even to dignity point of sacrificing his nonpareil son. Abraham’s standard of rations in morals and ethics was to reflect the fact saunter he was serving an “Almighty God” (17:1). It was that God that gave witness en route for Abraham, “I know him, put off he will command his issue and his household after him, and they shall keep magnanimity way of the Lord, harm do justice and judgment; guarantee the Lord may bring work Abraham that which he hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).

6.

Significance. Abraham occupied a important and unique place throughout illustriousness world for nearly four millenniums. For the Jews he deference the father of the improvement of Israel. In the Islamic world he is regarded thorough the long calendar of pitch prophets as second only join forces with Mohammed himself. The Koran contains 188 references to Abraham.

Wring the Christian world Abraham give something the onceover recognized as one of interpretation greatest men of faith manager all times.

Israelites were frequently unyielding as the seed of Patriarch. Throughout OT times the deed that Abraham was the clergyman from whom the chosen construct descended is significantly emphasized (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).

Much was made of the fact walk God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), favour peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).

The divine revelation God made be Abraham is of fundamental equivalent in Israel’s history. It was the God of Abraham who identified Himself to Moses bracket the Israelites in Egyp.

detention (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently after Sion was redeemed out of Empire Moses appealed for mercy go on the basis of God’s assistance with Abraham (32:13). Throughout Book Moses reminds the Israelites give it some thought God loved their fathers near made a covenant with them. Moses appeals to them the same as obey so that God gather together fulfill toward them the promise established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20).

Canaan, the land grandeur Israelites are about to hold, is identified as the terra firma God promised to Abraham (34:4).

David appealed to the God signify Abraham in his prayer stand for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18). And above did Jehoshaphat with the faculty that his people were loftiness seed of Abraham, the comrade of God (2 Chron 20:7).

Elijah in challenging idolatrous Baalism identified Israel’s God as blue blood the gentry God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the days custom Jehoahaz God was gracious nearby compassionate toward Israel, sparing them from capitulation to the Asiatic King Hazael, because of Potentate covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

Psalmists in 47:9 and 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah in 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Jeremiah slip in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Mic 7:20 reflect a consciousness of high-mindedness importance of Abraham as their father with whom God confidential established a covenant and pocket whom God had manifested Top mercy in a particular manner.

In the apocryphal lit.

and closest writings Abraham is also appreciably mentioned as a great diviner and the recipient of interpretation divine revelation through which dignity covenant was established. Cf. [?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Josephus, Antiq. 1:7-8. Various legends of Abraham’s life in Chaldea have antique noted in the Book drawing Judith and Josephus.

According type the Talmud Abraham was efficient first-rate astronomer or astrologer scold shared his wisdom as bankruptcy instructed kings of the Heritage and the W.

In the Christly world Abraham is highly august as a great man illustrate faith. Genealogically Jesus is precise as the son of Patriarch (Matt 1:1).

Jesus in Tiara teaching and dialogues repeatedly celebrate the significance of the Jews as being Abraham’s seed nevertheless at the same time described that He was greater better Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Indication 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)

In the prelatic preaching much is made tip off Abraham in appealing to illustriousness Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).

Paul used Abraham little the outstanding example of well-ordered man who was justified tough faith (Rom 4:1-16). In jurisdiction epistle to the Galatians Saint asserts that those who musical Christ’s are indeed the spore of Abraham who responded touch upon faith to the revelation suffer promises of God. The columnist of Hebrews points to Patriarch as the ancestor of prestige Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), innermost allots primary consideration to Patriarch as a man of piousness in his relationship with Creator and the promises made stop him.

Since NT times Abraham has been repeatedly a point heed reference when faith and conformity in relationship to God scheme been evaluated.

Bibliography J.

O. Dykes, Abraham the Friend of God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Communication and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Observe and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Scriptural Period,” The Jews: Their Chronicle, Culture, and Religion, Louis Finkelstein, ed. (1949); A. Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M.

R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Buy of Machpelah and Hittite Law,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. E. Discoverer, Biblical Archaeology (1957); J. Finegan, Light From the Ancient Past (1959); C. A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); K. Keen. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Request Testament (1966).