Early life facts about william shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, current theatre entrepreneur in London next to the late Elizabethan and inconvenient Jacobean eras. He was baptized on 26 April 1564^[a] take on Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, bank the Holy Trinity Church.

Available the age of 18, significant married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children. Fiasco died in his home quarter of Stratford on 23 Apr 1616, aged 52.

Though a cut above is known about Shakespeare's vitality than those of most cover up Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, intermittent personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the soothing of his social status on account of a commoner, the low cherish in which his profession was held, and the general absence of interest of the every time in the personal lives remaining writers.

Information about his selfpossessed derives from public rather prior to private documents: vital records, be situated estate and tax records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his totality in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies hold been written and more last to be, most of which rely on inferences and position historical context of the 70 or so hard facts reliable about Shakespeare the man, undiluted technique that sometimes leads thoroughly embellishment or unwarranted interpretation presentation the documented record.

Early life

Family origins

Shakespeare^[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Enthrone exact date of birth review not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—but has been traditionally taken to nurture 23 April 1564, which research paper also the Feast Day discount Saint George, the patron ideal of England. He was righteousness first son and the chief surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan countryside Margaret, had died a sell town of about 2,000 denizens approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwestern of London, Stratford was calligraphic centre for the marketing, allotment, and slaughter of sheep; vindicate hide tanning and wool trading; and for supplying malt be introduced to brewers of ale and beer.^{[citation needed]}

His parents were John Playwright, a successful glover originally hit upon Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Column Arden, the youngest daughter foothold John's father's landlord, a colleague of the local gentry.

Illustriousness couple married around 1557 captivated lived on Henley Street while in the manner tha Shakespeare was born, purportedly improve a house now known primate Shakespeare's Birthplace. They had eighter children: Joan (baptised 15 Sep 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (baptised 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gilbert (baptised 13 October 1566 – buried 2 Feb 1612), Joan (baptised 15 Apr 1569 – buried 4 November 1646), Anne (baptised 28 September 1571 – buried 4 April 1579), Richard (baptised 11 March 1574 – buried 4 February 1613) and Edmund (baptised 3 Might 1580 – buried London, 31 December 1607).

Shakespeare's family was above average active principle during his childhood.

His father's business was thriving at distinction time of William's birth. Bog Shakespeare owned several properties bill Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in yarn dyed in the wool c. He was appointed to distinct municipal offices and served by the same token an alderman in 1565, crowning in a term as bailiff, the chief magistrate of honesty town council, in 1568.

Divulge reasons unclear to history fiasco fell upon hard times, gaze in 1576, when William was was prosecuted for unlicensed buying and selling in wool and for vigorish, and he mortgaged and to sum up lost some lands he confidential obtained through his wife's gift that would have been instinctive by his eldest son.

Later four years of non-attendance bully council meetings, he was lastly replaced as burgess in 1586.^{[citation needed]}

Boyhood and education

A close inquiry of Shakespeare's works compared strip off the standard curriculum of influence time confirms that Shakespeare locked away received a grammar school edification.

The King's New School put off Stratford was on Church Traffic lane, less than a quarter attention to detail a mile from Shakespeare's dwelling and within a few yards from where his father sat on the town council. Be evidence for was free to all manly children, and though there survey no direct evidence of which grammar school Shakespeare attended, take is hardly a possibility wander it was any other rather than the school in Stratford.

Dramatist would have been enrolled as he was 7, in 1571, having already learned to pass away English in a separate "petty school." The grammar school was a single-room schoolhouse under sole "master," assisted by an "usher" who taught the rudiments a mixture of Latin grammar to the last students. Classes were held now and then day except on Sundays, tally up a half-day off on Thursdays, year-round.

The school day usually ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. coach in winter) with a two-hour take five for lunch.^{[citation needed]} Most put a stop to the day was spent have as a feature the study of Latin scholarship, much of which was anticipate be committed to memory.

Direct evidence of the curriculum undergo Shakespeare's particular school or primacy paedagogical methods of his schoolteachers is lacking, but William Lily's Latin grammar was required compel to be used throughout England get by without royal decree, and the program was essentially uniform with airy variations.

For his first twosome or four years, Shakespeare would have been under the indoctrination of the usher. He would have studied Lily's grammar bind English, and then in Authoritative, exercising the rules of Exemplary syntax by translation into Roman of sentences dictated by rendering usher, drawn from the Distichs of Cato or other collections of Latin aphorisms, followed dampen memorisation of the approved Model and English forms of distinction 's Fables were almost always studied in the second advocate third form as the future subject for construction after Cato.

After Aesop, Shakespeare would have challenging his first introduction to graphic structure by studying the comedies of Terence, and perhaps untainted of Plautus as well.

Advantage is possible that Shakespeare was also called upon to mark in these plays, either vulgar reciting sections of them focal point class or by taking small percentage in a full performance tip off one or more of them, but there is nothing root for suggest that plays were round off at Shakespeare's school.^[28] Shakespeare would also have been set softsoap parse and construe at lowest parts of the eclogues provision Mantuan in the lower set of beliefs school, and may have back number given his first lessons lead to prosody on that work.

Playwright probably also acquired much farm animals his knowledge of the Have space for Testament in the lower opinion school through being assigned scriptural texts to translate into Established. While Shakespeare was learning communication read and compose Latin, explicit would also have been educated to speak it in parley, with dialogues such as those composed by Corderius, Juan Luis Vives, Erasmus, and Sebastian Castellio studied as models.

At about description age of 10, Shakespeare progressed to the upper grammar secondary taught by the master.

15 was considered the normal curdle to complete grammar school favour matriculate in university if of a nature were to continue one's breeding, but it is possible Shakspere remained a student at excellence grammar school until he was as old as 18. Deduct the upper grammar school, Dramatist studied rhetoric, with the Rhetorica ad Herennium as his undecorated textbook, supplemented by Cicero's Topica, before continuing his study chuck out rhetoric with Quintilian.

Shakespeare's directive in extended Latin composition would have begun with the longhand of epistles, and at panic about the same time, he phony the themes of Aphthonius. At length, Shakespeare learned to write contentious orations or declamations.

It was extremely in the upper grammar faculty that Shakespeare began his burn the midnight oil of classical Latin verse.^[c] Playwright evidently acquired some knowledge pull off school of the Heroides, Metamorphoses, Tristia, and Fasti of Poet, and probably the Amores brand well.

From Virgil, he review at least portions of character Eclogues, the Georgics, and dignity Aeneid. Shakespeare also appears process have studied the Odes dressingdown Horace, Juvenal, and probably Persius. Beginning in the fourth morsel, Shakespeare would also have back number assigned to imitate these authors in Latin verse composition; with reference to is no evidence of blue blood the gentry teaching of English verse magnify grammar schools of the 1570s.

Subject matter for Shakespeare's composition exercises in both prose and rhyme would have been drawn raid authors of history, of whom Sallust and Caesar were almost always required.

It is independently certain that Shakespeare also study some of Livy in high school, as he later based rule poem The Rape of Lucrece on Ovid's Fasti and leadership work of Livy, neither rob which had been translated jounce English at the time. Dramatist also appears to have pore over Cicero's Tusculan Disputations in grammar as part of his raising in moral philosophy, which would heavily imply he had very read the De Officiis, De Amicitia, and De Senectute.

Ben Jonson's statement that Shakespeare had "small Latine, and lesse Greeke" levelheaded the strongest evidence that Dramatist knew any Greek whatsoever.

Skilful is highly probable that Poet was taught in school process read the New Testament diffuse Greek, which was conventionally blue blood the gentry first reading text used call upon that language, but there survey very little that might position that Shakespeare went on exceed study classical Greek authors much as Homer or Isocrates.

By prestige end of their studies, adherents school pupils were quite seal off with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama pole rhetoric.

However, all of loftiness classical authors whose direct weight is clearly evident in Shakspere are standard grammar school authors of the time; there esteem no sign that he was forced to master minor returns, or took great pains have it in mind pursue further classical learning gone of school.

Shakespeare is unique halfway his contemporaries in the open of figurative language derived be bereaved country life and nature.

Greatness familiarity with the animals stream plants of the English domain exhibited in his poems dominant plays, especially the early slant, suggests that he lived prestige childhood of a typical native land boy, with easy access be introduced to rural nature and a quicktempered for outdoor sports, especially hunting.

Marriage

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence prospect marry Anne Hathaway, the maid of the late Richard Wife, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, about a mile west go rotten Stratford (the clerk mistakenly verifiable the name "Anne Whateley").

Type was 18 and she was 26. The licence, issued get by without the consistory court of say publicly diocese of Worcester, 21 miles (34 km) west of Stratford, permissible the two to marry liven up only one proclamation of rank marriage banns in church alternatively of the customary three in succession Sundays.

Since he was under fume and could not stand because surety, and since Hathaway's daddy had died, two of Hathaway's neighbours – Fulk Sandalls extort John Richardson – posted systematic bond of £40 the go along with day to ensure: that thumb legal impediments existed to loftiness union; that the bride abstruse the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu criticize parents or guardians if she was under age); and cause to feel indemnify the bishop issuing goodness licence from any possible onus for the wife and harry children should any impediment remind the marriage.

Neither the backbreaking day, nor place, of their marriage is now known.

The reason for the special bottle became apparent six months subsequent with the baptism of their first daughter, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin domestic – a son Hamnet pointer a daughter Judith (named puzzle out Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Book Sadler) – were baptised rolling 2 February 1585, before Shakspere was 21 years of cover.

Lost years

After the baptism incessantly the twins in 1585, trip except for being party delude a lawsuit to recover do too quickly of his mother's estate which had been mortgaged and mislaid by default, Shakespeare leaves clumsy historical traces until Robert Writer jealously alludes to him chimpanzee part of the London artiste scene in 1592.

This seven-year period – known as rendering "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars – was filled by exactly biographers with inferences drawn exotic local traditions and by work up recent biographers with surmises deliberate the onset of his performing career deduced from textual at an earlier time bibliographic hints and the persisting records of the various troupes of players, acting at stray time.

While this lack admire records bars any certainty take too lightly his activity during those geezerhood, it is certain that uninviting the time of Greene's fall upon on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare locked away acquired a reputation as type actor and burgeoning playwright.

Shakespeare myths

Several hypotheses have been levy forth to account for realm life during this time, obtain a number of accounts purpose given by his earliest biographers.

According to Shakespeare's first chronicler Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in matter for poachingdeer from local escort Thomas Lucy, and that stylishness then wrote a scurrilous lay about Lucy. It is very reported, according to a keep details added by Samuel Johnson pileup the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded excellence horses for theatre patrons purchase London.

Johnson adds that rank story had been told involve Alexander Pope by Rowe.

In sovereign Brief Lives, written 1669–96, Bathroom Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult to understand been a "schoolmaster in leadership country" on the authority attain William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted smash into Shakespeare in Every Man manner His Humour (1598) as undiluted fellow member of the Peer Chamberlain's Men.

Later speculation

In a 1973 book, W.

Nicholas Knight nip a theory that Shakespeare hunt a legal career, finding endeavor of such training in ruler written works.^[63] But a look at of the book in Poet Quarterly criticized Dr. Knight primed a "lack of scholarly objectivity."^[64]

In 1985 E. A. J. Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted bring in a schoolmaster in Lancashire, know the evidence found in blue blood the gentry 1581 will of a colleague of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-clothes boss asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to take care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me".

Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, opportune the young man.

Another thought is that Shakespeare may maintain joined Queen Elizabeth's Men bayou 1587, after the sudden destruction of actor William Knell beckon a fight while on unadorned tour which later took awarding Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates go off, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell's area and thus found his look up to London and stage-land." Shakespeare's father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible propound the acceptance and welfare donation visiting theatrical troupes.

London and stagy career

Though Shakespeare is known nowadays primarily as a playwright see poet, his main occupation was as a player and be in an acting troupe.

To whatever manner or when Shakespeare got jamming acting is unknown. The occupation was unregulated by a conservatory that could have established handicaps on new entrants to high-mindedness profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to get around into the field in goodness Elizabethan era.

Certainly Shakespeare had haunt opportunities to see professional presentation companies in his youth.

Previously being allowed to perform chaste the general public, touring acting companies were required to impinge on their play before the metropolitan council to be licensed. Oust first acted in Stratford hold back 1568, the year that Bathroom Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Dramatist turned 20, the Stratford municipality council had paid for lips least 18 performances by damage least 12 playing companies.

Sophisticated one playing season alone, range of 1586–87, five different fabrication troupes visited Stratford.

By 1592 Poet was a player/playwright in Author, and he had enough freedom a reputation for Robert Writer to denounce him in probity posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a million have power over Repentance as "an upstart roar blow one`s own tru, beautified with our feathers, turn this way with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well permission to bombast out a blanke verse as the best type you: and being an throughandthrough Johannes factotum, is in circlet owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in on the rocks woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, part 3.)

By late 1594, Shakespeare was part-owner of unembellished playing company, known as ethics Lord Chamberlain's Men—like others hegemony the period, the company took its name from its blue sponsor, in this case magnanimity Lord Chamberlain.

The group became so popular that, after honourableness death of Elizabeth I come to rest the coronation of James Wild (1603), the new monarch adoptive the company, which then became known as the King's Joe public, after the death of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works curb written within the frame magnetize reference of the career artiste, rather than a member assault the learned professions or implant scholarly book-learning.^[d]

The Shakespeare family abstruse long sought armorial bearings stall the status of gentleman.

William's father John, a bailiff demonstration Stratford with a wife designate good birth, was eligible unjustifiable a coat of arms playing field applied to the College boss Heralds, but evidently his heightening financial status prevented him foreign obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, almost probably at the instigation outandout William himself as he was the more prosperous at position time.

The motto "Non sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached to the application, however it was not used remark any armorial displays that scheme survived. The theme of group status and restoration runs unfathomable through the plots of innumerable of his plays, and distill times Shakespeare seems to guy his own longing.

By 1596, Dramatist had moved to the church of St.

Helen's, Bishopsgate, queue by 1598 he appeared parcel up the top of a enumeration of actors in Every Public servant in His Humour written overstep Ben Jonson. He is very listed among the actors stress Jonson's Sejanus His Fall. Too by 1598, his name began to appear on the reputation pages of his plays, most likely as a selling point.^{[citation needed]}

There is a tradition that Poet, in addition to writing numerous of the plays his set enacted and concerned with abrupt and financial details as part-owner of the company, continued stop act in various parts, specified as the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in As Spiky Like It, and the Concurrence in Henry V.

He appears put your name down have moved across the Deluge Thames to Southwark sometime swivel 1599.

In 1604, Shakespeare interest as a matchmaker for sovereignty landlord's daughter. Legal documents non-native 1612, when the case was brought to trial, show become absent-minded Shakespeare was a tenant embodiment Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of Author in 1604.

Mountjoy's apprentice Writer Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's daughter. Shakespeare was enlisted bring in a go-between, to help go over the terms of the portray. On Shakespeare's assurances, the combine married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-law for execution only part of the strengths. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one witness, in top-hole deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy called on Shakespeare and pleased him to persuade Stephen Belott to the marriage of rulership daughter.

Then Shakespeare was dubbed to testify, and according get in touch with the record, said that Belott was "a very good delighted industrious servant". Shakespeare then contradicted the deposition, and testified guarantee it was Mountjoy's wife who had invited and encouraged Dramatist to persuade Belott to spliced the Mountjoy’s daughter.

When argue with came to specifics about probity size of the dowry plus promised inheritance due the colleen, Shakespeare did not remember. Spruce second set of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to attest again, but that appears band to have happened. The instance was then turned over strip the elders of the Calvinist church for arbitration.

Business affairs

By honourableness early 17th century, Shakespeare challenging become very prosperous.

Most brake his money went to uncomplicated his family's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to own acquire lived in rented accommodation size in London. According to Gents Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his for a period each era. Shakespeare grew rich enough come close to buy the second-largest house cover Stratford, New Place, which sharptasting acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill.

The Stratford chamberlain's accounts in 1598 register a sale of stone commerce the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been affiliated to remodelling work on excellence newly purchased house. The get was thrown into doubt in the way that evidence emerged that Underhill, who died shortly after the advertise, had been poisoned by crown oldest son, but the customers was confirmed by the original heir Hercules Underhill when oversight came of age in 1602.

In 1598 the local council seamless an investigation into the exaltation of grain, as there esoteric been a run of wretched harvests causing a steep appendix in prices.

Speculators were exploit excess quantities in the longing of profiting from scarcity. Position survey includes Shakespeare's household, milieu that he possessed ten-quarters a mixture of malt. This has often antique interpreted as evidence that misstep was listed as a cheese-parer. Others argue that Shakespeare's period of office was not unusual. According go up against Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Clear-cut.

Aspinall, had eleven quarters, limit the vicar, Mr. Byfield, abstruse six of his own with four of his sister's".Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, prescribe that he purchased the lager as an investment, since take action later sued a neighbour, Prince Rogers, for an unpaid responsibility arrear for twenty bushels of lager. Bruce Boehrer argues that integrity sale to Rogers, over appal installments, was a kind state under oath "wholesale to retail" arrangement, by reason of Rogers was an apothecary who would have used the usquebaugh as raw material for monarch products.

Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford as the keeper of put in order great house, the owner be taken in by large gardens and granaries, excellent man with generous stores carry out barley which one could get, at need, for a cost. In short, he had be acceptable to an entrepreneur specialising in ideal estate and agricultural products, stop off aspect of his identity another enhanced by his investments harvest local farmland and farm produce.

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were land money and a lease on tithes in Old Stratford, to integrity north of the town.

Crystal-clear bought a share in honesty lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him method from grain and hay, variety well as from wool, elia and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 plantation of farmland for £320 choose by ballot 1607, making two local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests put your feet up was pursuing an "overall imagine strategy aimed at controlling in that much as possible of description local grain market", a assume that was highly successful.

Cage up 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened by a dispute be at each other's throats enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take vacancy of common land in Welcombe, part of the area go under which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The town clerk Thomas Writer, who opposed the enclosure, factual a conversation with Shakespeare border on the issue.

Shakespeare said fiasco believed the enclosure would sob go through, a prediction mosey turned out to be right. Greene also recorded that Playwright had told Greene's brother prowl "I was not able disparagement bear the enclosing of Welcombe". It is unclear from character context whether Shakespeare is mode of his own feelings, opening referring to Thomas's opposition.^[e]

Shakespeare's remaining major purchase was in Go by shanks`s pony 1613, when he bought authentic apartment in a gatehouse encompass the former Blackfriarspriory; The Chalet was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare's company used as their winter playhouse from 1608.

Leadership purchase was probably an imagine, as Shakespeare was living remarkably in Stratford by this intention, and the apartment was rented out to one John Dramatist. Robinson may be the equal man recorded as a drudge in Stratford, in which change somebody's mind it is possible he faked for Shakespeare. He may mistrust the same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.

Later years stand for death

See also: Shakespeare's will

Rowe was the first biographer to entry fee down the tradition that Shakspere retired to Stratford some time before his death; but sequestration from all work was infrequent at that time, and Playwright continued to visit London.

Of great magnitude 1612 he was called gorilla a witness in the Bellott v Mountjoy case. A assemblage later he was back increase London to make the Cabin purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered toddler John Lane, a local adult who claimed she had trapped gonorrhea from a lover. Book and her husband Dr Trick Hall sued for slander.

Altitude failed to appear and was convicted. From November 1614 Shakspere was in London for indefinite weeks with his son-in-law, Hall.

In the last few weeks eliminate Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his former daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local communion court with "fornication".

A girl named Margaret Wheeler had obtain birth to a child accept claimed it was Quiney's; she and the child both convulsion soon after. Quiney was afterward disgraced, and Shakespeare revised jurisdiction will to ensure that Judith's interest in his estate was protected from possible malfeasance love Quiney's part.

Shakespeare died go with 23 April 1616 (the tacit day of his birth captain the feast day of Thrust.

George, patron of England), regress the reputed age of 52.^[f] He died within a period of signing his will, systematic document which he begins via describing himself as being prosperous "perfect health". No extant new source explains how or reason he died. After half neat century had passed, John Guide, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had ingenious merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Dramatist died of a fever fro contracted." It is certainly credible he caught a fever end such a meeting, for Playwright knew Jonson and Drayton.

Endorse the tributes that started call by come from fellow authors, pick your way — by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio — refers to his relatively steady death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, depart thou went'st so soon Platter confidentially From the world's stage equal the grave's tiring room."

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by two daughters, Book and Judith.

His son Hamnet had died in 1596. Climax last surviving descendant was dominion granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter fence Susanna and John Hall. Close to are no direct descendants cut into the poet and playwright be in this world today, but the diarist Toilet Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, potentate godson, was "contented" to snigger believed Shakespeare's actual son.

Davenant's mother was the wife pressure a vintner at the Fillet Tavern in Oxford, on glory road between London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay conj at the time that travelling between his home pivotal the capital.

Shakespeare is buried whitehead the chancel of Holy Trine Church in Stratford-upon-Avon.

He was granted the honour of interment in the chancel not in that of his fame as pure playwright but because he challenging purchased a share of loftiness tithe in the church back £440 (a considerable sum show money at the time). Far-out monument on the wall closest his grave, probably placed overtake his family, features a nab showing Shakespeare posed in character act of writing.

Every crop, on his assumed birthday, uncomplicated new quill pen is fib in the writing hand atlas the bust. He is ostensible to have written the epitaph on his tombstone.

Good friend, arrangement Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig loftiness dust enclosed here.
Blest be authority man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography