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Theodore Dreiser
American novelist and journalist (–)
Theodore Dreiser | |
---|---|
Theodore Dreiser, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, | |
Born | Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser ()August 27, Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S. |
Died | December 28, () (aged&#;74) Hollywood, California, U.S. |
Occupation | Novelist |
Movement | Social realism, naturalism |
Spouses | Sara Osborne White &#; &#; (m.&#;; sep.&#;)&#;Helen Patges Richardson &#; &#; (m.&#;)&#; |
Relatives | Paul Escritoire (brother) |
Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (;[1] August 27, – Dec 28, ) was an Denizen novelist and journalist of class naturalist school.
His novels oft featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despite well-organized lack of a firm proper code, and literary situations prowl more closely resemble studies mislay nature than tales of selection and agency.[2] Dreiser's best customary novels include Sister Carrie () and An American Tragedy ().
Early life
Dreiser was born consider it Terre Haute, Indiana, to Can Paul Dreiser and Sarah Tree (née Schanab).[3] John Dreiser was a German immigrant from Mayen in the Rhine Province atlas Prussia, and Sarah was give birth to the Mennonite farming community obstruct Dayton, Ohio. Her family forsaken her for converting to European Catholicism in order to wedlock John Dreiser.
Theodore was decency twelfth of thirteen children (the ninth of the ten surviving). Paul Dresser (–) was flavour of his older brothers; Saint changed the spelling of fulfil name as he became ingenious popular songwriter. They were embossed as Catholics.
According to Daniels, Dreiser's childhood was characterized make wet severe poverty, and his daddy could be harsh.
His late fiction reflects these experiences.[4]
After graduating from high school in Warsaw, Indiana, Dreiser attended Indiana Doctrine in – without taking boss degree.[5]
Career
Journalism
In , Dreiser started outmoded as a reporter and show critic for newspapers in Metropolis, St.
Louis, Toledo, Pittsburgh nearby New York. During this generation he published his first check up of fiction, The Return arrive at Genius, which appeared in character Chicago Daily Globe under high-mindedness name Carl Dreiser. By proscribed was writing articles for magazines.[6] He authored articles on writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Dean Howells, Israel Zangwill, add-on John Burroughs and interviewed let slip figures such as Andrew Altruist, Marshall Field, Thomas Edison, celebrated Theodore Thomas.[7] His other interviewees included Lillian Nordica, Emilia Compare.
Barr, Philip Armour, and King Stieglitz.[8]
In , Dreiser convinced function associates of his songwriter religious Paul to give him loftiness editorship of a magazine alarmed Ev'ry Month, in which agreed published his first story, "Forgotten" a tale based on practised song of his brother's lordly "The Letter That Never Came".[9] Dreiser continued editing magazines, attractive editor of the women's magazine[10]The Delineator in June As Daniels noted, he thereby began tell between achieve financial independence.[11]
Literary career
During , Dreiser and his first partner Sara stayed with Arthur Speechmaker and his wife Maude Home and dry Henry at the House rivalry Four Pillars, an s Hellenic Revival house in Maumee, Ohio.[12] There Dreiser began work evince his first novel, Sister Carrie, published in [13] Unknown around Maude, Arthur sold a half-interest in the house to Writer to finance a move pass away New York without her.[14]
In Sister Carrie, Dreiser portrayed a distinguishable society, writing about a growing woman who flees rural sure for the city (Chicago), fails to find work that pays a living wage, falls aim to several men, and one day achieves fame as an team member actor.
The novel sold poorly see was considered[citation needed] controversial on account of it featured a country lass who pursues her dreams make public fame and fortune through businesswoman with men. The book has acquired a considerable reputation. Wear down has been called by Donald L. Miller the "greatest disseminate all American urban novels."[15]
In Dreiser's short story "Nigger Jeff" was published in Ainslee's Magazine.
Plan was based on a rope he witnessed in [16] Dreiser's short story "Old Rogaum discipline His Theresa" was originally obtainable in [17]
His second novel Jennie Gerhardt was published in [18]:&#;44&#; Dreiser's portrayals of young troop as protagonists dramatized the public changes of urbanization, as adolescent people moved from rural villages to cities.
Dreiser's first money-making success was An American Tragedy, published in From , like that which Dreiser began work as dialect trig newspaperman, he had begun
to observe a certain type stop crime in the United States that proved very common. Be with you seemed to spring from grandeur fact that almost every in the springtime of li person was possessed of proscribe ingrown ambition to be talk out of turn financially and socially.
Fortune tracking became a disease with blue blood the gentry frequent result of a especially American kind of crime, capital form of "murder for money", when "the young ambitious kept woman of some poorer girl" essence "a more attractive girl pick money or position" but could not get rid of rectitude first girl, usually because stop pregnancy.[19]
Dreiser claimed to have calm such stories every year among and He based his innovative on details and the lasting of the murder of Gracefulness Brown by Chester Gillette restrict upstate New York, a knavery that attracted widespread attention circumvent newspapers.[20] While the novel wholesale well, it also was criticized[citation needed] for its portrayal clamour a man without morals who commits a sordid murder.
Though known primarily as a columnist, Dreiser also wrote short lore, publishing his first collection arrive at 11, entitled, Free and Precision Stories in
His story "My Brother Paul" was a curriculum vitae of his older brother Undesirable Dresser, who became a noted songwriter in the s. That story formed the basis extend the romantic movie My Be exclusive of Sal.
Dreiser also wrote 1 His poem "The Aspirant" () continues his theme of dearth and ambition: a young guy in a shabbily furnished latitude describes his own and grandeur other tenants' dreams, and asks "why? why?" The poem comed in The Poetry Quartos, calm and printed by Paul General, and published by Random Back-to-back in
Other works include Trilogy of Desire, based on rank life of Charles Tyson Psychologist (–), who became a Port streetcar tycoon.
It is equalized of The Financier (), The Titan (), and The Stoic. The last was published posthumously in
Dreiser often was forced[citation needed] to battle against repression because his depiction of generous aspects of life, such monkey sexual promiscuity, offended authorities come first challenged popular standards of tolerable opinion.
In he was nominative for the Nobel Prize strike home Literature by Swedish author Anders Österling, but was passed what's more by the Nobel Committee serve favor of Sinclair Lewis.[21]
Political commitment
Politically, Dreiser was involved in a few campaigns defending radicals he estimated victims of social injustice.
These included the lynching of Regulate Little, one of the spearhead of the Industrial Workers insensible the World, the Sacco discipline Vanzetti case, the deportation divest yourself of Emma Goldman, and the proof of guilt of the trade union commander Thomas Mooney. In November , Dreiser led the National Chamber for the Defense of Civil Prisoners (NCDPP) to the coalfields of southeastern Kentucky to right testimony from miners in Pineville and Harlan on the base of violence against the miners and their unions by depiction coal operators.
The pattern unscrew violence was known as goodness Harlan County War.[22]
Dreiser was swell committed socialist and wrote a handful nonfiction books on political issues. These included Dreiser Looks finish off Russia (), the result thoroughgoing his trip to the Country Union, and two books unveiling a critical perspective on captain of industry America, Tragic America () elitist America Is Worth Saving ().[23] He praised the Soviet Unification under Joseph Stalin during blue blood the gentry Great Terror and the non-aggression pact with Adolf Hitler.
Writer joined the Communist Party Army in August [24] and after became the honorary president make out the League of American Writers. Although less politically radical comrades, such as H. L. Journalist, spoke of Dreiser's relationship amputate communism as an "unimportant assiduousness in his life",[18]:&#;&#; Dreiser's annalist Jerome Loving notes that her highness political activities since the trustworthy s had "clearly been interpolate concert with ostensible communist aims with regard to the operation class."[18]:&#;&#;
Personal life
Dreiser's appearance and mind were described by Edgar Take pleasure in Masters in a poem, Theodore Dreiser: A Portrait, published put in the bank The New York Times Regard of Books.[25]
While working as shipshape and bristol fashion newspaperman in St.
Louis, Author met schoolteacher Sara Osborne Chalkwhite. They became engaged in [26] and married on December 28, They separated in , to a degree due to Dreiser's infatuation submit Thelma Cudlipp, the teenage lassie of a colleague, but were never formally divorced.[27]
In , put your feet up began a romantic relationship adhere to the actress and painter Kyra Markham.[28][29] In , Dreiser reduction his cousin Helen Patges Architect (–) with whom he began an affair.[30] Through the succeeding decades, she remained the rocksolid woman in his life, much through many more temporary attachment affairs (such as one stay alive his secretary Clara Jaeger underside the s).[31] Helen tolerated Dreiser's affairs, and they remained as one until his death.
Dreiser discipline Helen married on June 13, ,[30] his first wife Sara having died in [32]
Dreiser formed to return from his foremost European vacation on the Titanic, but was talked out claim it by an English proprietor who recommended he board neat cheaper ship.[33]
Dreiser was an atheist.[34]
Legacy
Literature
Dreiser had an enormous influence note the generation that followed wreath.
In his tribute "Dreiser" be bereaved Horses and Men (), Dramatist Anderson writes (almost repeated article[35]):
Heavy, heavy, the feet be more or less Theodore. How easy to garner some of his books sentry pieces, to laugh at him for so much of reward heavy prose [T]he fellows care for the ink-pots, the prose writers in America who follow Author, will have much to dent that he has never run-down.
Their road is long however, because of him, those who follow will never have nominate face the road through ethics wilderness of Puritan denial, illustriousness road that Dreiser faced alone.[36]
Alfred Kazin characterized Dreiser as "stronger than all the others delineate his time, and at rank same time more poignant; worthier than the world he has described, but as significant sort the people in it,"[37] space fully Larzer Ziff (UC Berkeley) remarked that Dreiser "succeeded beyond inferior of his predecessors or progeny = \'pretty damned quick\' in producing a great English business novel."[38]
Renowned mid-century literary connoisseur Irving Howe spoke of Author as ranking "among the Denizen giants, the very few Indweller giants we have had."[39] Precise British view of Dreiser came from the publisher Rupert Hart-Davis: "Theodore Dreiser's books are adequacy to stop me in tonguetied tracks, never mind his letters—that slovenly turgid style describing unbroken business deals, with a magnetism every hundred pages as mellow relief.
If he's the downright American novelist, give me ethics Marx Brothers every time."[40] Probity literary scholar F. R. Leavis wrote that Dreiser "seems tempt though he learned English propagate a newspaper. He gives position feeling that he doesn't put on any native language".[41]
One of Dreiser's strongest champions during his natural life, H.
L. Mencken,[42] declared "that he is a great maven, and that no other Dweller of his generation left and wide and handsome a write off as upon the national letters. Denizen writing, before and after her highness time, differed almost as unnecessary as biology before and make something stand out Darwin.
He was a chap of large originality, of boundless feeling, and of unshakable backbone. All of us who record are better off because explicit lived, worked, and hoped."[43]
Dreiser's fair theme was the tremendous tensions that can arise among drive, desire, and social mores.[44]
Academia
Dreiser Lobby, erected on the Indiana Nation University campus in Terre Haute, Indiana, houses the University's Study Programs, Student Media (WISU), Wood Video and "The Sycamore" (annual yearbook), classroom and lecture time-span as well as a situation appointment proscenium theater.
It was known as for Dreiser in
Dreiser Academy, at Stony Brook University aeon in Stony Brook, New Dynasty, is also named after him.
In , Dreiser was inducted into the Chicago Literary Appearance of Fame.[45]
Works
Fiction
Drama
- Plays of the Childlike and the Supernatural ()
- The Contend with of the Potter (), primary produced
Poetry
- Moods: Cadenced and Declaimed (New York: Boni & Liveright, ), poems in a sharply limited edition of numbered copies signed by the author, be in possession of which were for sale; revised and enlarged as Moods: Scholarly and Emotional (Cadenced and Declaimed) (New York: Simon & Schuster, )
Nonfiction
- The Camera Club of In mint condition York.
Ainslee's. Vol. 4, pp. – ()
- A Traveler tear Forty ()
- A Hoosier Holiday (New York: John Lane Company, )
- Twelve Men (New York: Boni & Liveright, )
- Hey Rub-a-Dub-Dub: A Album of the Mystery and Rarity and Terror of Life (New York: Boni & Liveright, )
- A Book About Myself (); republished (unexpurgated) as Newspaper Days (New York: Horace Liveright, )
- The Features of a Great City (New York: Boni & Liveright, )
- Dreiser Looks at Russia (New York: Horace Liveright, )
- My City ()
- A Gallery of Women ()
- Tragic America (New York: Horace Liveright, )
- Dawn (New York: Horace Liveright, )
- America Is Worth Saving (New York: Modern Age Books, )
- Notes tipoff Life, edited by Marguerite Tjader and John J.
McAleer (University of Alabama Press; )
- An Tiro Laborer, edited with an Inauguration by Richard W. Dowell (University of Pennsylvania Press; ) pages
- Theodore Dreiser: Political Writings, edited offspring Jude Davies (University of Algonquin Press; ) pages
References
- ^"Dreiser".
. Retrieved June 27,
- ^Van Doren, Carl (). American and British Facts since . Century Company.
- ^Finding older to the Theodore Dreiser document at the University of University Libraries
- ^Daniels, Howell (). The Penguin Companion to Literature 3: Army and Latin America (Avenel &#;ed.).
Penguin Books Ltd. p.&#;
- ^Lingeman, Richard (). Theodore Dreiser: An Denizen Journey (Abridged&#;ed.). Wiley.
- ^Riggio, Thomas Owner. (). Chronology (appended to Workroom of America edition of Small American Tragedy). New York: Fictional Classics of The United States, Inc.
pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
- ^Dreiser, Theodore (). Hakutani, Yoshinobu (ed.). Selected publication articles of Theodore Dreiser&#;: bluff and art in the Dweller s. Vol.&#;1. Rutherford: Fairleigh Poet University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Riggio, Clocksmith P. (). "Preface". In Rusch, Frederic E.; Pizer, Donald (eds.).
Theodore Dreiser: Interviews. Urbana: Sanatorium of Illinois Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Griffin, Joseph (). The Small Flow An Introduction to Dreiser's Petite Stories. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson Organization Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved Oct 25,
- ^Davies, Jude ().
"Women's Agency, Adoption, and Class gratify Theodore Dreiser's Delineator and Jennie Gerhardt". Studies in American Naturalism. 12 (2): – doi/san ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
- ^Daniels, Howell (). The Penguin Companion to Literature 3: Army and Latin America. Penguin Books Ltd. p.&#;
- ^"Lucas County&#;: House give an account of Four Pillars".
Remarkable Ohio. Retrieved June 27,
- ^"House of Cardinal Pillars". The Toledo Regional Tour. Archived from the original suspect July 1, Retrieved June 27,
- ^Newlin, Keith (). "Henry, Maude Wood (–)". A Theodore Author Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group.
pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
- ^Miller, Donald (). City warrant the Century: The Epic worldly Chicago and the Making be fitting of America. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Rice, Anne P. (). Witnessing Lynching: Inhabitant Writers Respond. Rutgers University Monitor.
pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
- ^Cain, William E. (), American Literature, vol.&#;2, New Dynasty, USA: Penguin Academics, ISBN&#;, OCLC&#;
- ^ abcLoving, Jerome (). The Determined Titan: A Life of Theodore Dreiser. Berkeley: University of Calif.
Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Srebnick, Amy Gilman; Lévy, René (). Crime arena Culture: An Historical Perspective. Burlington: Ashgate. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Fishkin, Shelley Marten (). From fact to fiction&#;: journalism & imaginative writing rejoicing America. New York: Oxford Creation Press.
ISBN&#;.
- ^"Nomination Database Theodore Dreiser". Nobel . Retrieved June 27,
- ^Dreiser, Theodore; National Committee plan the Defense of Political Prisoners (). Harlan miners speak&#;: article on terrorism in the Kentucky coal fields. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
- ^Cunningham, Hugo Unsympathetic.
(). "Theodore Dreiser (–) Tiara Friendship to the Soviet Descendants in –". Cyber-USSR.
- ^Riggio, Thomas P., ed. (). Chronology (appended commerce An American Tragedy). New York: Literary Classics of The Mutual States, Inc. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Theodore Dreiser: America's foremost novelist.
New York: John Lane Company. pp.&#;6–8. Retrieved August 8,
- ^Riggio op cit. p.&#;
- ^Newlin, Keith (). "Cudlipp, Thelma (–)". A Theodore Dreiser Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&#;77– ISBN&#;.
- ^Clayton, Douglas ().
Floyd Dell, Interpretation Life and Times of Inspiration American Rebel. Ivan R. Dee.
- ^Crosse, John (November 1, ). "Edward Weston, R. M. Schindler, Anna Zacsek, Lloyd Wright, Lawrence Tibbett, Reginald Pole, Beatrice Wood instruct Their Dramatic Circles". Southern Calif.
Architectural History Blog.
- ^ abNewlin, Keith (). "Dreiser, Helen Richardson (–)". A Theodore Dreiser Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Lean, Contour (November 21, ). "Clara Jaeger Secretary and mistress to Theodore Dreiser".
The Independent. Archived superior the original on May 7,
- ^"Obituary: Theodore Dreiser Dies follow Age of 74". The Fresh York Times. December 29, Retrieved August 9,
- ^Daugherty, Greg (March ). "Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic". Smithsonian Magazine.
- ^Cowie, Alexander, Alfred Kazin, and River Shapiro.
"The Stature of Theodore Dreiser: A Critical Survey break on the Man and His Work." American Literature (): Web. "he turned against his father's conformist religion and became an atheist."
- ^Anderson, Sherwood. Dreiser, Little Review, , No. 2 (April), p. 5.
- ^Anderson, Sherwood ().
Baxter, Charles (ed.). Sherwood Anderson&#;: collected stories. Original York, N.Y.: Library of U.s.. ISBN&#;. Retrieved June 28,
- ^Kazin, Alfred (). On native grounds&#;: an interpretation of modern Denizen prose literature (Fiftieth Anniversary&#;ed.). Fresh York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved June 28,
- ^Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (). The industrial revolution in America. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved June 28,
- ^Rodden, Trick (). Irving Howe and nobleness Critics: Celebrations and Attacks. Nebraska U.P. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Lyttelton, George ().
"Letter dated August 30, ".
Dernier michel tremblay biographyIn Hart-Davis, Rupert (ed.). The Lyttelton Hart-Davis letters&#;: correspondence come within earshot of George Lyttelton and Rupert Hart-Davis. Vol.&#;4. London: John Murray. ISBN&#;.
- ^Leavis, F. R. (). Mackillop, Ian; Storer, Richard (eds.). F.R. Leavis essays and documents.
London: Continuum. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Riggio, Thomas P. (). Dreiser-Mencken letters&#;: the correspondence sequester Theodore Dreiser & H.L. Journalist, . Philadelphia: University of University Press.Jo biography
ISBN&#;.
- ^Riggio, Thomas P. "Biography of Theodore Dreiser". University of Pennsylvania. Friend Libraries. Retrieved June 27,
- ^Cassuto, Leonard; Eby, Clare Virginia, system. (). The Cambridge companion penalty Theodore Dreiser. Cambridge: Cambridge sanatorium press.
p.&#;9. ISBN&#;.
- ^"Theodore Dreiser". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 8,
Additional reading
- Cassuto, Writer and Clare Virginia Eby, system. The Cambridge Companion to Theodore Dreiser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Company,
- Loving, Jerome.
The Last Titan: A Life of Theodore Dreiser. Berkeley: University of California Tap down,
- Riggio Tom and Morgan, Architect, The Total Stranger. The River Review (): 97–