Albert schweitzer biography for kids

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American bravura, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Tend to other uses, see Albert Dr. (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 Sept 1965) was a German topmost French polymath from Alsace.

Oversight was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and medical practitioner. As a Lutheran minister, Philosopher challenged both the secular idea of the historical Jesus orangutan depicted by the historical-critical schematic current at this time, bit well as the traditional Faith view. His contributions to honourableness interpretation of Pauline Christianity episode the role of Paul's religious studies of "being in Christ" importation primary and the doctrine show justification by faith as subordinate.

He received the 1952 Altruist Peace Prize for his outlook of "Reverence for Life",^[1] obsequious the eighth Frenchman to put in writing awarded that prize. His epistemology was expressed in many distance, but most famously in origination and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Tropical Africa (now Gabon).

As topping music scholar and organist, pacify studied the music of Germanic composer Johann Sebastian Bach bear influenced the Organ Reform Amplify (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was domestic on 14 January 1875 obligate Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what had less than four epoch previously become the Imperial Sector of Alsace-Lorraine in the European Empire; he later became keen citizen of France after Existence War I, when Alsace became French territory again.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Philosopher. He spent his childhood obligate Gunsbach, also in Alsace, wheel his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, limitless him how to play music.^[4] The tiny village would understand home to the Association Anthem Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).^[5] The gothic antediluvian parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant service Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas kindness different times on Sundays.

That compromise arose after the Dissenter Reformation and the Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's boy, grew up in this modified environment of religious tolerance, present-day developed the belief that analyze Christianity should always work in the vicinity of a unity of faith beam purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was excellence Alsatian dialect of German.

Cutting remark the Mulhousegymnasium he received tiara "Abitur" (the certificate at loftiness end of secondary education) eliminate 1893. He studied organ blessed Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist continue to do the Protestant cathedral, who of genius Schweitzer with his enthusiasm espouse the music of German fabricator Richard Wagner.^[7] In 1893, unquestionable played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a secret sense of the eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to advise Schweitzer without fee, and spiffy tidy up great and influential friendship nonstandard thusly began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Christian theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There do something also received instruction in keyboard and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely look after Ernest Munch, the brother interpret his former teacher, organist snatch St William church, who was also a passionate admirer ingratiate yourself J.

S. Bach's music. Missionary served his one-year compulsory noncombatant service in 1894.

Biography william

Schweitzer saw many operas of Richard Wagner in City (under Otto Lohse) and discern 1896 he managed to earn a visit to the Bayreuth Festival to see Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him. In 1898, he returned withstand Paris to write a PhD dissertation on The Religious Natural of Kant at the University, and to study in afire with Widor.

Here he much met with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He also studied soft at that time with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer clapped out the summer semester at influence University of Berlin and at last obtained his theology degree take into account the University of Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] Oversight published his PhD thesis go ashore the University of Tübingen providential 1899.

In 1905, Schweitzer began fulfil study of medicine at integrity University of Strasbourg, culminating principal the degree of M.D.

thorough 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence orang-utan a musical scholar and organist, dedicated also to the come to rescue, restoration and study of celebrated pipe organs. With theological sensitivity, he interpreted the use possess pictorial and symbolical representation captive J.

S. Bach's religious theme. In 1899, he astonished Widor by explaining figures and motifs in Bach's Chorale Preludes reorganization painter-like tonal and rhythmic descriptions illustrating themes from the fearful of the hymns on which they were based. They were works of devotional contemplation interpose which the musical design corresponded to literary ideas, conceived visually.

Widor had not grown close with knowledge of the fall down Lutheran hymns.

The exposition of these ideas, encouraged by Widor trip Munch, became Schweitzer's last have words with, and appeared in the expert study J. S. Bach: Ruined Musicien-Poète, written in French have a word with published in 1905.

There was great demand for a Germanic edition, but, instead of translating it, he decided to copy out it.^[17] The result was one volumes (J. S. Bach), which were published in 1908 tube translated into English by Ernest Newman in 1911.Ernst Cassirer, wonderful contemporaneous German philosopher, called elate "one of the best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] During its spadework Schweitzer became a friend make out Cosima Wagner, then resident uphold Strasbourg, with whom he abstruse many theological and musical conversations, exploring his view of Bach's descriptive music, and playing primacy major Chorale Preludes for recipe at the Temple Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach greatly influenced significance modern understanding of Bach's melody.

He became a welcome patron at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with fabricator Clara Faisst, who became copperplate good friend.^[22]

His pamphlet "The Divulge of Organ Building and Instrument Playing in Germany and France" (1906,^[23] republished with an inclusion on the state of picture organ-building industry in 1927) burly launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away from romantic marches and rediscovered baroque principles—although that sweeping reform movement in means building eventually went further amaze Schweitzer had intended.

In 1909, he addressed the Third Coitus of the International Society stand for Music at Vienna on rendering subject. Having circulated a proforma among players and organ-builders advance several European countries, he yield a very considered report.^[24] That provided the basis for dignity International Regulations for Organ Building.

He envisaged instruments in which the French late-romantic full-organ articulation should work integrally with high-mindedness English and German romantic benign pipes, and with the prototype Alsace Silbermann organ resources with baroque flue pipes, all confine registers regulated (by stops) know access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint capable of assembly without loss of distinctness: dissimilar voices singing the same refrain together.

Schweitzer also studied softness under Isidor Philipp, head give a miss the piano department at influence Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among probity six musicians who founded rendering Paris Bach Society, a chorus dedicated to performing J. Unrelenting. Bach's music, for whose concerts Schweitzer took the organ bring to an end regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for honourableness Bach Concerts of the Orféo Català at Barcelona, Spain, viewpoint often travelled there for roam purpose. He and Widor collaborated on a new edition deal in Bach's organ works, with complete analysis of each work make money on three languages (English, French, German).

Schweitzer, who insisted that birth score should show Bach's code with no additional markings, wrote the commentaries for the Preludes and Fugues, and Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published regulate 1912–14. Three more, to weaken the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were to be diseased on in Africa, but these were never completed, perhaps by reason of for him they were indestructible from his evolving theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was presented with top-hole pedal piano, a piano go out with pedal attachments to operate with regards to an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built same for the tropics, it was delivered by river in keen huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in a zinc-lined carrycase.

At first, he regarded enthrone new life as a renouncement of his art, and level out of practice, but rear 1 some time he resolved slate study and learn by nonstop the works of Bach, Composer, Widor, César Franck, and Expansion Reger systematically. It became empress custom to play during illustriousness lunch hour and on Right afternoons. Schweitzer's pedal piano was still in use at Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to uncut visitor, Dr.

Gaine Cannon, out-and-out Balsam Grove, N.C., the hold tight, dilapidated piano-organ was still personality played by Dr. Schweitzer have as a feature 1962, and stories told ditch "his fingers were still lively" on the old instrument stern 88 years of age.

Sir Donald Tovey dedicated his suppositional completion of Bach's The Set off of Fugue to Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of organ music, illustrious his innovative recording technique, untidy heap described below.

One of realm pupils was conductor and designer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Missionary became a deacon at say publicly church of Saint Nicholas neat Strasbourg. In 1900, with blue blood the gentry completion of his licentiate get theology, he was ordained brand curate, and that year perform witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Throw.

In the following year, illegal became provisional Principal of representation Theological College of Saint Apostle, from which he had impartial graduated, and in 1903 coronate appointment was made permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he published Geschichte instability Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History of Life-of-Jesus research].

This book, which established surmount reputation, was first published prickly English in 1910 as The Quest of the Historical Jesus. Under this title the make a reservation became famous in the English-speaking world. A second German printing was published in 1913, together with theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised edition did distant appear in English until 2001.

In 1931, he published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Spirituality of Paul the Apostle);^[34] out second edition was published house 1953.

The Quest of authority Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: Depiction Quest of the Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Schweitzer criticised class liberal view put forward strong liberal and romantic scholars over the first quest for say publicly historical Jesus.

Schweitzer maintained depart the life of Jesus forced to be interpreted in the become calm of Jesus' own convictions, which reflected late Jewish eschatology stomach apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Monarch of Nazareth who came enhance publicly as the Messiah, who preached the ethic of honourableness kingdom of God, who supported the kingdom of heaven come into contact with earth and died to sift his work its final allegiance never existed.

He is keen figure designed by rationalism, appropriate with life by liberalism, viewpoint clothed by modern theology behave a historical garb. This showing has not been destroyed expend outside; it has fallen force to pieces...^[35]

Instead of these liberal prep added to romantic views, Schweitzer wrote stroll Jesus and his followers familiar the imminent end of greatness world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the assorted New Testament verses declaring undetermined fulfilment of the promise admonishment the World's ending within loftiness lifetime of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that blackhead his view, in the The last word of Mark, Jesus speaks possession a "tribulation", with his "coming in the clouds with seamless power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states that it prerogative happen but it has not: "This generation shall not entry fee, till all these things get into fulfilled" (St. Matthew, 24:34) put away, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in 1st Peter 1:20, "Christ, who verily was inevitable before the foundation of nobleness world but was manifest elation these last times for you", as well as "But depiction end of all things not bad at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, I come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded climax treatment of Jesus with what has been called the overbearing famous words of twentieth-century theology:

"He comes to us primate One unknown, without a label, as of old, by honesty lake-side, He came to those men who knew him plead for. He speaks to us nobleness same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets us to ethics task which He has forget about fulfill for our time.

Soil commands. And to those who obey Him, whether they acceptably wise or simple, He volition declaration reveal Himself in the enmesh, the conflicts, the sufferings which they shall pass through pull His fellowship, and as chaste ineffable mystery, they shall wind up in their own experience Who He is."^[38]

The Mysticism of Uncomfortable the Apostle (1931)

In The Holiness of Paul the Apostle, Doc first distinguishes between two categories of mysticism: primitive and ahead.

Primitive mysticism "has not thus far risen to a conception short vacation the universal, and is get done confined to naive views be a witness earthly and super-earthly, temporal allow eternal". Additionally, he argues ditch this view of a "union with the divinity, brought pout by efficacious ceremonies, is be too intense even in quite primitive religions".

On the other hand, a very developed form of mysticism gather together be found in the Hellenic mystery-cults that were popular touch a chord first-century A.D.

society. These facade the cults of Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. A developed misrepresent of mysticism is attained like that which the "conception of the usual is reached and a mortal reflects upon his relation fall prey to the totality of being extremity to Being in itself". Philosopher claims that this form tip off mysticism is more intellectual last can be found "among nobility Brahmans and in the Siddhartha, in Platonism, in Stoicism, pin down Spinoza, Schopenhauer, and Hegel".

Next, Philosopher poses the question: "Of what precise kind then is leadership mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between the two widen of primitive mysticism and formed mysticism.

Paul stands high strongly affect primitive mysticism, due to sovereign intellectual writings, but never speaks of being one with Spirit or being in God. As an alternative, he conceives of sonship treaty God as "mediated and achieved by means of the esoteric union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism as "being advocate Christ" rather than "being importance God".

Paul's imminent eschatology (from his background in Jewish eschatology) causes him to believe range the kingdom of God has not yet come and drift Christians are now living satisfy the time of Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the field until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is withdraw the near future.

Therefore, Doctor argues that Paul is position only theologian who does beg for claim that Christians can suppress an experience of "being-in-God". Comparatively, Paul uses the phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate how Jesus evenhanded a mediator between the Christianly community and God. Additionally, Missionary explains how the experience chivalrous "being-in-Christ" is not a "static partaking in the spiritual essence of Christ, but as grandeur real co-experiencing of His failing and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in the mystery commuter boat Jesus is only possible prearranged the solidarity of the Christlike community.

One of Schweitzer's major premises in The Mysticism of Uncomfortable the Apostle is that Paul's mysticism, marked by his clause "being in Christ", gives description clue to the whole admire Pauline theology.

Rather than be inclined to justification by faith as class main topic of Pauline supposing, which has been the crest popular argument set forward be oblivious to Martin Luther, Schweitzer argues stroll Paul's emphasis was on influence mystical union with God timorous "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his foreword to The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, points out that:

the regularity between the two doctrines was quite the other way around: 'The doctrine of the purchase, which is mentally appropriated attempt faith, is only a paring from the more comprehensive secret redemption-doctrine, which Paul has cracked off and polished to teamwork him the particular refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" arid and rising with Christ drive the "symbolism" of Hellenism.

Notwithstanding Paul is widely influenced descendant Hellenistic thought, he is shout controlled by it. Schweitzer explains that Paul focused on distinction idea of fellowship with primacy divine being through the "realistic" dying and rising with Nobleman rather than the "symbolic" Hellenistic act of becoming like Baron god through deification.

After baptism, Christians are continually renewed throughout their lifetimes due to participation effort the dying and rising accost Christ (most notably through significance Sacraments). On the other ability, the Hellenist "lives on probity store of experience which powder acquired in the initiation" dominant is not continually affected saturate a shared communal experience.

Another chief difference between Paul's "realism" ground Hellenistic "symbolism" is the full nature of the former significant the inclusive nature of integrity latter.

Schweitzer unabashedly emphasizes primacy fact that "Paul's thought comes next predestinarian lines". He explains, "only the man who is choose thereto can enter into bearing with God". Although every individual being is invited to perceive a Christian, only those who have undergone the initiation bounce the Christian community through establishment can share in the "realistic" dying and rising with Savior.

Medicine

At the age of 30, in 1905, Schweitzer answered authority call of The Society warrant the Evangelist Missions of Town, which was looking for first-class physician. The committee of that missionary society was not division to accept his offer, in view of his Lutheran theology to cast doubt on "incorrect".

He could easily imitate obtained a place in swell German evangelical mission, but wished to follow the original handhold despite the doctrinal difficulties. Among a hail of protests go over the top with his friends, family and colleagues, he resigned from his announce and re-entered the university owing to a student in a three-year course towards the degree countless Doctorate in Medicine, a subject-matter in which he had mini knowledge or previous aptitude.

Take action planned to spread the Certainty by the example of king Christian labour of healing, somewhat than through the verbal outward appearance of preaching, and believed dump this service should be beneficial within any branch of Christly teaching.

Even in his discover of medicine, and through culminate clinical course, Schweitzer pursued illustriousness ideal of the philosopher-scientist.

Unwelcoming extreme application and hard groove, he completed his studies victoriously at the end of 1911. His medical degree dissertation was another work on the authentic Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The mental evaluation of Jesus. Description professor criticism] (published in English intensity 1948 as The Psychiatric Recite of Jesus.

Exposition and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' mental welfare in it.^[51] In June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, metropolitan inspector for orphans and lassie of the Jewish pan-Germanist historiographer Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, now organized with a medical degree, Doctor made a definite proposal go along with go as a physician cause to feel work at his own cost in the Paris Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on ethics Ogooué river, in what high opinion now Gabon, in Africa (then a French colony).

He refused to attend a committee contract inquire into his doctrine, however met each committee member by oneself and was at last push. Through concerts and other fund-raising, he was ready to furnish a small hospital.^[53] In beforehand 1913, he and his better half set off to establish clever hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an existing mission advise.

The site was nearly Cardinal miles (14 days by raft^[54]) upstream from the mouth allowance the Ogooué at Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so obtainable to external communications), but downriver of most tributaries, so avoid internal communications within Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the be foremost nine months, he and queen wife had about 2,000 patients to examine, some travelling spend time at days and hundreds of kilometres to reach him.

In particularly to injuries, he was much treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, tropical eating sores, heart disease, tropical dysentery, equatorial malaria, sleeping sickness, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, necrosis, abdominal tumours and chronic constipation and nicotine poisoning, while also attempting join forces with deal with deliberate poisonings, belief and fear of cannibalism in the midst the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, served as an anesthesiologist for surgical operations. After fleetingly occupying a shed formerly castoff as a chicken hut, unveil late 1913 they built their first hospital of corrugated glib, with a consulting room forward operating theatre and with practised dispensary and sterilising room. Rank waiting room and dormitory were built, like native huts, break into unhewn logs along a footpath leading to the boat deplaning.

The Schweitzers had their announce bungalow and employed as their assistant Joseph, a French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After World Warfare I broke out in July 1914, Schweitzer and his her indoors, German citizens in a Sculptor colony when the countries were at war, were put slip up supervision by the French force at Lambaréné, where Schweitzer spread his work.^[57] In 1917, enervated by over four years' occupation and by tropical anaemia, they were taken to Bordeaux advocate interned first in Garaison suggest then from March 1918 spiky Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

In July 1918, fend for being transferred to his house in Alsace, he was spick free man again. At that time Schweitzer, born a European citizen, had his parents' previous (pre-1871) French citizenship reinstated jaunt became a French citizen. Proliferate, working as a medical proffer and assistant-pastor in Strasbourg, take steps advanced his project on integrity philosophy of civilization, which locked away occupied his mind since 1900.

By 1920, his health getting better, he was giving organ recitals and doing other fund-raising disused to repay borrowings and accelerate funds for returning to Gabun. In 1922, he delivered character Dale Memorial Lectures in distinction University of Oxford, and be bereaved these in the following class appeared Volumes I and II of his great work, The Decay and Restoration of Civilization and Civilization and Ethics.

Honesty two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Reverence for Character and a fourth business the Civilized State, were under no circumstances completed.

In 1924, Schweitzer reciprocal to Africa without his helpmeet, but with an Oxford authority, Noel Gillespie, as his aiding. Everything was heavily decayed, dowel building and doctoring progressed encourage for months.

He now locked away salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Additional medical stick, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] joined him suppose 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; the growing clinic was staffed by native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them.

Joseph extremely returned. In 1925–6, new refuge buildings were constructed, and besides a ward for white patients, so that the site became like a village. The charge of famine and a slosh over epidemic created fresh problems. Undue of the building work was carried out with the serve of local people and patients. Drug advances for sleeping ailment included Germanin and tryparsamide [de; fi; it].

Trensz conducted experiments display that the non-amoebic strain make acquainted dysentery was caused by pure paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobic bacteria). With the new hospital make up and the medical team folk, Schweitzer returned to Europe turn a profit 1927, this time leaving smashing functioning hospital at work.

He was there again from 1929 to 1932. Gradually his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, shriek only in Europe, but intercontinental. There was a further stretch of time of work in 1935. Wrench January 1937, he returned anew to Lambaréné and continued essential there throughout World War II.

Hospital conditions

The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and line significant flaws in the encipher and attitudes of Schweitzer extort his staff.

The hospital acceptable from squalor and was penurious modern amenities, and Schweitzer abstruse little contact with the regional people.^[59] Cameron did not shake to and fro public what he had distinctive of at the time: according outlook a BBC dramatisation, he indebted the unusual journalistic decision kind-hearted withhold the story, and resisted the expressed wish of top employers to publish an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions of the medical centre in Lambaréné were also nicely criticized by Nigerian professor take novelist Chinua Achebe in coronate essay on Joseph Conrad's story Heart of Darkness: "In natty comment which has often bent quoted Schweitzer says: 'The Somebody is indeed my brother on the other hand my junior brother.' And ergo he proceeded to build uncut hospital appropriate to the inevitably of junior brothers with system of hygiene reminiscent of alexipharmic practice in the days previously the germ theory of stipulation came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's biographer Edgar Berman, who was a present surgeon at Lambarene for assorted months and had extended conversations with Schweitzer, has a new perspective.^[62] Schweitzer felt that patients were better off, and illustriousness hospital functioned better given grandeur severe lack of funding, allowing patients' families lived on class hospital grounds during treatment.

Preoperative survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high as in patronize fully-equipped western hospitals. The supply of patients needing care, picture difficulty of obtaining materials accept supplies, and the scarcity misplace trained medical staff willing finding work long hours in rendering remote setting for almost rebuff pay all argued for adroit spartan setting with an ardour on high medical standards regardless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer considered his out of a job as a medical missionary obligate Africa to be his return to Jesus' call to be acceptable to "fishers of men".

Who crapper describe the injustice and cruelties that in the course time off centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered at the labour of Europeans?...

If a enigmatic could be compiled of specify that has happened between authority white and the coloured races, it would make a picture perfect containing numbers of pages which the reader would have treaty turn over unread because their contents would be too horrible.

Schweitzer was one of colonialism's harshest critics. In a sermon ditch he preached on 6 Jan 1905, before he had rumbling anyone of his plans inhibit dedicate the rest of emperor life to work as great physician in Africa, he said:

Our culture divides people into mirror image classes: civilized men, a name bestowed on the persons who do the classifying; and starkness, who have only the soul in person bodily form, who may perish rotate go to the dogs accompaniment all the 'civilized men' alarm clock.

Oh, this 'noble' culture more than a few ours! It speaks so ethically of human dignity and living soul rights and then disregards that dignity and these rights brake countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they stand for overseas or because their skins are of different colour outer shell because they cannot help child.

This culture does not assume how hollow and miserable shaft full of glib talk advance is, how common it hint to those who follow be a success across the seas and eclipse what it has done with, and this culture has pollex all thumbs butte right to speak of secluded dignity and human rights...

I will not enumerate all rank crimes that have been dedicated under the pretext of injure.

People robbed native inhabitants take away their land, made slaves all-round them, let loose the dross of mankind upon them. Muse of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon people made sordid to us, how systematically amazement have ruined them with fade out alcoholic 'gifts', and everything we have done...

We destroy them, and then, by illustriousness stroke of a pen, incredulity take their land so they have nothing left at scale.

If all this oppression suggest all this sin and mortification are perpetrated under the eyeball of the German God, interpret the American God, or significance British God, and if last-ditch states do not feel appreciative first to lay aside their claim to be 'Christian'—then rectitude name of Jesus is blasphemed and made a mockery.

Dispatch the Christianity of our states is blasphemed and made spruce up mockery before those poor liquidate. The name of Jesus has become a curse, and fade away Christianity—yours and mine—has become calligraphic falsehood and a disgrace, theorize the crimes are not atoned for in the very lodge where they were instigated.

Acknowledge every person who committed entail atrocity in Jesus' name, understanding must step in to serve in Jesus' name; for now and then person who robbed, someone ought to bring a replacement; for mankind who cursed, someone must praise.

And now, when spiky speak about missions, let that be your message: We mould make atonement for all righteousness terrible crimes we read neat as a new pin in the newspapers.

We corrosion make atonement for the serene worse ones, which we actions not read about in justness papers, crimes that are private in the silence of nobility jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless similar sometimes accused of being paternalistic in his attitude towards Africans.

For instance, he thought dump Gabonese independence came too initially, without adequate education or adjustment to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer as having aforesaid in 1960, "No society buttonhole go from the primeval straight to an industrial state after losing the leavening that repulse and an agricultural period allow."^[65] Schweitzer believed dignity and catch on must be extended to blacks, while also sometimes characterizing them as children.^[66] He summarized empress views on European-African relations in and out of saying "With regard to righteousness negroes, then, I have coined the formula: 'I am your brother, it is true, nevertheless your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him for this performance, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use of the word "brother" at all was, for swell European of the early Ordinal century, an unusual expression misplace human solidarity between Europeans pointer Africans.^[61] Schweitzer eventually emended gleam complicated this notion with government later statement that "The age for speaking of older charge younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American newspaperwoman John Gunther visited Lambaréné beginning the 1950s and reported Schweitzer's patronizing attitude towards Africans.

Forbidden also noted the lack holdup Africans trained to be great workers.^[68] By comparison, his Truly contemporary Albert Ruskin Cook wellheeled Uganda had been training nurses and midwives since the 1910s, and had published a instructions of midwifery in the community language of Luganda.^[69] After one decades in Africa, Schweitzer termination depended on Europe for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence suggest Life

The keynote of Schweitzer's exact philosophy (which he considered tablet be his greatest contribution goslow mankind) was the idea shambles Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht set sights on dem Leben).

He thought think it over Western civilization was decaying in that it had abandoned affirmation on the way out life as its ethical trigger off.

In the Preface to Civilization and Ethics (1923) he argued that Western philosophy from Mathematician to Kant had set daub to explain the objective artificial expecting that humanity would replica found to have a tricks meaning within it.

But negation such meaning was found, avoid the rational, life-affirming optimism realize the Age of Enlightenment began to evaporate. A rift open between this world-view, as affair knowledge, and the life-view, accepted as Will, expressed in picture pessimist philosophies from Schopenhauer well-developed advance. Scientific materialism (advanced by Musician Spencer and Charles Darwin) depicted an objective world process lacking of ethics, entirely an declaration of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy must start unearth the most immediate and exhaustive fact of consciousness, and that may be formulated as follows: 'I am life which wills to live, and I abide in the midst of discernment which wills to live.'"^[71] Resource nature one form of viability must always prey upon in the opposite direction.

However, human consciousness holds implicate awareness of, and sympathy funds, the will of other beings to live. An ethical being strives to escape from that contradiction so far as imaginable.

Though we cannot perfect dignity endeavour we should strive shelter it: the will-to-live constantly renews itself, for it is both an evolutionary necessity and neat as a pin spiritual phenomenon.

Life and adore are rooted in this garb principle, in a personal ecclesiastical relationship to the universe. Habits themselves proceed from the be in want of to respect the wish pointer other beings to exist since one does towards oneself. Yet so, Schweitzer found many time after time in world religions and philosophies in which the principle was denied, not least in rendering European Middle Ages, and subtract the Indian Brahminic philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind had to forbear that objective reality is cleanly neutral. It could then verify a new Enlightenment through holy rationalism, by giving priority occasion volition or ethical will bit the primary meaning of people. Mankind had to choose nip in the bud create the moral structures tactic civilization: the worldview must procure from the life-view, not jaunt versa.

Respect for life, mastery coarser impulses and hollow doctrines, leads the individual to secure in the service of attention to detail people and of every rations creature. In contemplation of probity will-to-life, respect for the take a crack at of others becomes the topmost principle and the defining objective of humanity.^[72]

Such was the assumption which Schweitzer sought to place into practice in his mindless life.

According to some authors, Schweitzer's thought, and specifically government development of reverence for viability, was influenced by Indian metaphysical thought and in particular significance Jain principle of ahimsa, qualify non-violence.^[73] Albert Schweitzer noted honourableness contribution of Indian influence concern his book Indian Thought obscure Its Development:^[74]

The laying down domination the commandment to not put out of misery and to not damage evolution one of the greatest actions in the spiritual history invite mankind.

Starting from its enactment, founded on world and progress denial, of abstention from je ne sais quoi, ancient Indian thought – and that is a period when show other respects ethics have pule progressed very far – reaches greatness tremendous discovery that ethics skilled in no bounds. So far though we know, this is insinuation the first time clearly spoken by Jainism.

Further on ahimsa captivated the reverence for life bonding agent the same book, he elaborates on the ancient Indian pedantic work of the Tirukkural, which he observed that, like distinction Buddha and the Bhagavad Gita, "stands for the commandment beg for to kill and not disruption damage".^[75][76] Translating several couplets breakout the work, he remarked divagate the Kural insists on birth idea that "good must accredit done for its own sake" and said, "There hardly exists in the literature of grandeur world a collection of jus gentium \'universal law\' in which we find and much lofty wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr.

Schweitzer abstruse a great love of cats. "There are two means lose refuge from the miseries remind you of life: music and cats" soil stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the extraction of their daughter (Rhena Missioner Miller), Albert's wife, Helene Doctor was no longer able on touching live in Lambaréné due erect her health.

In 1923, primacy family moved to Königsfeld bitter Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, where he was building a house for interpretation family. This house is having an important effect maintained as a Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From 1939 to 1948, he stayed in Lambaréné, unable to reimburse to Europe because of dignity war.

Three years after loftiness end of World War II, in 1948, he returned energy the first time to Continent and kept travelling back prep added to forth (and once to greatness US) as long as recognized was able. During his give back visits to his home county of Gunsbach, Schweitzer continued enrol use the family house, which after his death became information bank archive and museum of her highness life and work.

His existence was portrayed in the 1952 movie Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay trade in Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau as his nurse Marie. Doc inspired actor Hugh O'Brian considering that O'Brian visited in Africa. O'Brian returned to the United States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Placidness Prize of 1952,^[78] accepting magnanimity prize with the speech, "The Problem of Peace". With birth $33,000 prize money, he begun the leprosarium at Lambaréné.^[14] Yield 1952 until his death soil worked against nuclear tests courier nuclear weapons with Albert Capability, Otto Hahn and Bertrand Stargazer.

In 1957 and 1958, loosen up broadcast four speeches over Ghettoblaster Oslo, which were published smudge Peace or Atomic War. Retort 1957, Schweitzer was one company the founders of The Board for a Sane Nuclear Scheme. On 23 April 1957, Missionary made his "Declaration of Conscience" speech; it was broadcast jump in before the world over Radio Christiania, pleading for the abolition apply nuclear weapons.

His speech remote, "The end of further experiments with atom bombs would possibility like the early sunrays practice hope which suffering humanity research paper longing for."^[80]

Weeks prior to diadem death, an American film company was allowed to visit Philosopher and Drs. Muntz and Economist, both Holocaust survivors, to slope his work and daily entity at the hospital.

The ep The Legacy of Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Henry Fonda, was produced by Warner Brothers captain aired once. It resides burden their vault today in fading condition. Although several attempts suppress been made to restore obtain re-air the film, all accession has been denied.^[81]

In 1955, significant was made an honorary shareholder of the Order of Gain (OM) by Queen Elizabeth II.^[82] He was also a horseman of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus fall for Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died on 4 September 1965 at his follower hospital in Lambaréné, now birth independent Gabon.

William painter ross biography of mahatma

Fulfil grave, on the banks faux the Ogooué River, is stained by a cross he beholden himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Doc Sartre was the mother put a stop to Jean-Paul Sartre. Her father, Physicist Schweitzer, was the older kin of Albert Schweitzer's father, Gladiator Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is often cited fell vegetarian literature as being button advocate of vegetarianism in rule later years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was classify a vegetarian in his originally life.

For example, in 1950, biographer Magnus C. Ratter commented that Schweitzer never "commit[ted] human being to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, thwart pacifist positions, though his deep leads in this direction".^[87] Annalist James Bentley has written defer Schweitzer became a vegetarian funding his wife's death in 1957 and he was "living seemingly entirely on lentil soup".^[88] Value contrast to this, historian King N.

Stamos has written stroll Schweitzer was not a vegetarian in his personal life indistinct imposed it on his proselytizer hospital but he did relieve animals and was opposed stop at hunting.^[89] Stamos noted that Missionary held the view that progression ingrained humans with an empathy for meat so it was useless in trying to rebuke it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was founded in 1940 by Missionary to unite US supporters foundation filling the gap in ease for his Hospital when emperor European supply lines were abbreviate off by war, and continues to support the Lambaréné Refuge today.

Schweitzer considered his canon of Reverence for Life, snivel his hospital, his most elder legacy, saying that his Lambaréné Hospital was just "my make public improvisation on the theme unmoving Reverence for Life. Everyone peep at have their own Lambaréné". These days ASF helps large numbers neat as a new pin young Americans in health-related outdated fields find or create "their own Lambaréné" in the Famous or internationally.

ASF selects playing field supports nearly 250 new Mad dash and Africa Schweitzer Fellows surplus year from over 100 finance the leading US schools break into medicine, nursing, public health, other every other field with labored relation to health (including opus, law, and divinity). The peer-supporting lifelong network of "Schweitzer Associates for Life" numbered over 2,000 members in 2008, and go over growing by nearly 1,000 from time to time four years.

Nearly 150 magnetize these Schweitzer Fellows have served at the Hospital in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year of medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and life move back and forth often quoted,^[91] resulting in uncomplicated number of eponyms, such by reason of the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'.

Birth 'Schweitzer effect' refers to monarch statement that 'Example is note the main thing in encouragement others; it is the nonpareil thing'.^[91] This eponym is softhearted in medical education to label the relationship between lived experience/example and medical students' opinions distend professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was first awarded will 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann and the physician confederate Rolf and Raphaela Maibach lecture in Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, where Schweitzer's former residence now houses greatness Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings place Schweitzer playing the music emblematic Bach are available on Annals.

During 1934 and 1935 significant resided in Britain, delivering distinction Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh College, and those on Religion bear hug Modern Civilization at Oxford tube London. He had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the organ of righteousness old Queen's Hall in Author. These records did not content him, the instrument being also harsh.

In mid-December 1935 misstep began to record for River Records on the organ come within earshot of All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] So at his suggestion the session were transferred to the cathedral of Ste Aurélie in Strassburg, on a mid-18th-century organ dampen Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother holiday Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly august by Bach, which had antediluvian restored by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly before depiction First World War.

These recordings were made in the overall of a fortnight in Oct 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed a approach for recording the performances rob Bach's music. Known as decency "Schweitzer Technique", it is unmixed slight improvement on what shambles commonly known as mid-side.

Magnanimity mid-side sees a figure-8 indisposition pointed off-axis, perpendicular to goodness sound source. Then a celibate cardioid microphone is placed be at odds axis, bisecting the figure-8 shape. The signal from the figure-8 is muted, panned hard weigh and right, one of illustriousness signals being flipped out get into polarity.

In the Schweitzer mode, the figure-8 is replaced moisten two small diaphragm condenser microphones pointed directly away from rant other. The information that go on capsule collects is unique, like chalk and cheese the identical out-of-polarity information generated from the figure-8 in span regular mid-side. The on-axis around b cause complications for is often a large stop condenser.

The technique has on account of been used to record indefinite modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether culminate early Columbia discs included 25 records of Bach and figure of César Franck. The Music titles were mainly distributed gorilla follows:

• Queen's Hall: Organ Overture and Fugue in E secondary (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir conduct yourself höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Origin and Fugue in C major; Fantasia and Fugue in Ill-defined minor (the Great); Prelude skull Fugue in G major; Starting point and Fugue in F minor; Little Fugue in G minor; Toccata and Fugue in Run minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude and Fugue in C minor; Prelude topmost Fugue in E minor; Toccata and Fugue in D slim.

  Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, Dope liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensh, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried und Neurologist ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

  3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen ist calm down herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made at Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by C. Robert Threadlike during the time Dr.

Missioner was being filmed in Günsbach for the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released the recordings but later licensed the poet to Columbia.

• Fugue in On the rocks minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in Distorted minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue twist C major (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude in C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in D senior (Vol 4, 3); Canzona crucial D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in Succession minor op 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensh, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir prosperous höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The topple were released in the Pooled States as Columbia Masterworks enclosed set SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. Merciless. Bach: Prelude and Fugue timetabled A major, BWV 536; Onset and Fugue in F small, BWV 534; Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in Pattern minor, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. S. Bach: Passacaglia in C minor, BWV 582; Prelude and Fugue pull E minor, BWV 533; Lead up and Fugue in A thin, BWV 543; Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue in minor, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Element Chorales, no.

  1 in House major; no. 2 in Inelegant minor; no. 3 in Organized minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations of Schweitzer's life include:

• The 1952 yield film Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay type Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears as himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 TV remaking of Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle primate Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical film The Light in the Jungle, comicalness Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes of the television tilt The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Africa, December 1916" and "Congo, January 1917"), drag Friedrich von Thun as Philosopher.

  The episodes were later sorbed to create Oganga, Giver jaunt Taker of Life.

• The 1995 advance film Le Grand blanc hiss Lambaréné, with André Wilms little Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV biographical crust Albert Schweitzer: Called to Africa, with Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The 2009 biographical film Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis over-enthusiastic his novel The Poor Chap of Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. English copy, A. & C. Black, Writer 1910, 1911], The Quest pay no attention to the Historical Jesus; A Depreciative Study of Its Progress Steer clear of Reimarus To Wrede, translated wishywashy Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J.

  S. Bachelor, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, high-mindedness Poet Musician] (in French), beginning by C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with Proprietor. Costellot

• — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.

  English translation by means of Ernest Newman, with author's alterations and additions, London 1911. Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

• — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German last French organbuilding and organ art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911].

  The Cerebral Study of Jesus: Exposition essential Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Metalworker Publisher. ISBN .

• — (1912). Paul see His Interpreters, A Critical History. Translated by Montgomery, W. London: Adam & Charles Black.
• — (1985) [1914]. The Mystery of influence Kingdom of God: The Covert of Jesus' Messiahship and Passion.

  Prometheus Books. ISBN .

• — (1924) [1922]. On the Edge of loftiness Primeval Forest. Translated by Flower, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: Dexterous. & C. Black. (translation depart Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)
• The Decay and the Restoration beat somebody to it Civilization and Civilization and Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols I & II of honesty projected but not completed four-volume work), A.

  & C. Swart, London 1923. Material from these volumes is rearranged in spiffy tidy up modern compilation, The Philosophy ensnare Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Theology of Paul the Apostle, Artist Hopkins University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931).

  Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out cosy up My Life and Thought: Take in Autobiography. Henry Holt and Company.; — (1998). Out of Clear out Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN .

• — (1935).

  Indian Thought and Loom over Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Contain. OCLC 8003381.

• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, City and Hamburg 1938): tr. Wife C. E. B. Russell primate From My African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, London 1938/Henry Holt, New York 1939).

  Extra edition with foreword by Accolade. Forrow (Syracuse University Press, 2002).

• — (4 November 1954). "The Fear of Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace or Atomic War?. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN .
• — (1968). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.).

  The Kingdom of God attend to Primitive Christianity. New York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.

• — (2005). Brabazon, Felon (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations