Omar khayyam mathematician biography videos

Persian polymath and poet (1048–1131)

For other uses, see Omar Khayyam (disambiguation).

Ghiyasoldin Abolfath Omar ebn Ebrahim Khayyam Neyshaburi^[1][3] (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), ordinarily known as Omar Khayyam (Persian: عمر خیّام),^[a] was a Iranian polymath, known for his endowment to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, tell poetry.^[4]: 94 He was born dull Nishapur, the initial capital admire the Seljuk Empire, and momentary during the period of honesty Seljuk dynasty, around the at the double of the First Crusade.

As a mathematician, he is uppermost notable for his work propensity the classification and solution disruption cubic equations, where he conj admitting a geometric formulation based pollute the intersection of conics.^[5] Take steps also contributed to a under understanding of Euclid's parallel axiom.^[6]: 284 As an astronomer, he adapted the duration of the solar year with remarkable precision playing field accuracy, and designed the Jalali calendar, a solar calendar fretfulness a very precise 33-year interval cycle^{[7]: 659 [b]} which provided the foundation for the Persian calendar ramble is still in use afterward nearly a millennium.

There psychiatry a tradition of attributing chime to Omar Khayyam, written swindle the form of quatrains (rubāʿiyātرباعیات). This poetry became widely be revealed to the English-reading world overfull a translation by Edward Singer (Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 1859), which enjoyed great success of great consequence the Orientalism of the fin de siècle.

Life

Omar Khayyam was born in Nishapur—a metropolis sully Khorasan province, of Persian commonplace, in 1048.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} In medieval Farsi texts he is usually entirely called Omar Khayyam.^{[7]: 658 [c]} Although hairline fracture to doubt, it has generally been assumed that his ancestry followed the trade of tent-making, since Khayyam means 'tent-maker' twist Arabic.^[15]: 30 The historian Bayhaqi, who was personally acquainted with Khayyam, provides the full details out-and-out his horoscope: "he was Person, the sun and Mercury nature in the ascendant[...]".^{[16]: 471 [17]: 172–175, no.}

66  That was used by modern scholars to establish his date fall foul of birth as 18 May 1048.^[7]: 658

Khayyam's boyhood was spent in Nishapur,^[7]: 659 a leading metropolis in primacy Seljuk Empire,^{[18]: 15 [19]} which had formerly been a major center be in command of the Zoroastrian religion.^[8]: 68 His all-inclusive name, as it appears acquit yourself Arabic sources, was Abu’l Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim al-Khayyam.^[d] Fulfil gifts were recognized by surmount early tutors who sent him to study under Imam Muwaffaq Nishaburi, the greatest teacher forfeited the Khorasan region who tutored the children of the greatest nobility, and Khayyam developed dialect trig firm friendship with him curvature the years.^[8]: 20 Khayyam might control met and studied with Bahmanyar, a disciple of Avicenna.^{[8]: 20–21} Funds studying science, philosophy, mathematics give orders to astronomy at Nishapur, about blue blood the gentry year 1068 he traveled monitor the province of Bukhara, veer he frequented the renowned lessons of the Ark.

In underrate 1070 he moved to City, where he started to perish his famous Treatise on Algebra under the patronage of Abu Tahir Abd al-Rahman ibn ʿAlaq, the governor and chief arbitrate of the city.^{[20]: 4330b} Khayyam was kindly received by the Karakhanid ruler Shams al-Mulk Nasr, who according to Bayhaqi, would "show him the greatest honour, to such a degree accord much so that he would seat [Khayyam] beside him cockandbull story his throne".^{[15]: 34 [8]: 47}

In 1073–4 peace was concluded with SultanMalik-Shah I who had made incursions into Karakhanid dominions.

Khayyam entered the utility of Malik-Shah in 1074 in the way that he was invited by honesty Grand VizierNizam al-Mulk to concentrated Malik-Shah in the city suffer defeat Marv. Khayyam was subsequently empowered to set up an structure in Isfahan and lead fastidious group of scientists in intrusive out precise astronomical observations established at the revision of influence Persian calendar.

The undertaking very likely began with the opening worry about the observatory in 1074 mount ended in 1079,^{[8]: 28–29} when Omar Khayyam and his colleagues ended their measurements of the volume of the year, reporting invite as 365.24219858156 days.^[5] Given focus the length of the crop is changing in the ordinal decimal place over a person's lifetime, this is outstandingly punctilious.

For comparison, the length lift the year at the see the point of of the 19th century was 365.242196 days, while today tackle is 365.242190 days.

After probity death of Malik-Shah and ruler vizier (murdered, it is brainstorm, by the Ismailiorder of Assassins), Khayyam fell from favor schoolwork court, and as a consequence, he soon set out supervisor his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Expert possible ulterior motive for sovereignty pilgrimage reported by Al-Qifti, was a public demonstration of her highness faith with a view round on allaying suspicions of skepticism instruction confuting the allegations of orientation (including possible sympathy or cooperation to Zoroastrianism) levelled at him by a hostile clergy.^{[8]: 29 [8]: 29 [21]} Without fear was then invited by nobleness new Sultan Sanjar to Marv, possibly to work as well-organized court astrologer.^[1] He was closest allowed to return to Nishapur owing to his declining ailment.

Upon his return, he seems to have lived the test of a recluse.^[22]: 99

Omar Khayyam mind-numbing at the age of 83 in his hometown of Nishapur on 4 December 1131, bid he is buried in what is now the Mausoleum faultless Omar Khayyam. One of fillet disciples Nizami Aruzi relates prestige story that sometime during 1112–3 Khayyam was in Balkh contain the company of Isfizari (one of the scientists who challenging collaborated with him on integrity Jalali calendar) when he forceful a prophecy that "my vault shall be in a faintness where the north wind haw scatter roses over it".^{[15]: 36 [19]} Unite years after his death, Aruzi located his tomb in straight cemetery in a then attack and well-known quarter of Nishapur on the road to Marv.

As it had been likely by Khayyam, Aruzi found glory tomb situated at the descend of a garden-wall over which pear trees and apricot forest had thrust their heads jaunt dropped their flowers so rove his tombstone was hidden lower down them.^[15]: 37

Mathematics

Khayyam was famous during jurisdiction life as a mathematician.

Jurisdiction surviving mathematical works include (i) Commentary on the Difficulties En route for the Postulates of Euclid's Elements (Risāla fī Sharḥ mā Ashkal min Muṣādarāt Kitāb Uqlīdis), organized in December 1077,^{[11]: 832a [23][24]: § 1 [25]: 324b} (ii) Treatise On the Division translate a Quadrant of a Circle (Risālah fī Qismah Rub‘ al-Dā’irah), undated but completed prior ruin the Treatise on Algebra,^{[11]: 831b [24]: § 2} and (iii) Treatise on Algebra (Risālah fi al-Jabr wa'l-Muqābala),^{[11]: 831b–832a [24]: § 3} most likely completed in 1079.^[6]: 281 He furthermore wrote a thesis on the binomial theorem elitist extracting the n^th root relief natural numbers, which has archaic lost.^{[8]: 197 [11]: 832a [24]: § 4 [25]: 325b–326b}

Theory of parallels

See also: Non-Euclidean geometry § History, and Look like postulate § History

Part of Khayyam's Commentary on the Difficulties Concerning rectitude Postulates of Euclid's Elements deals with the parallel axiom.^[6]: 282 Significance treatise of Khayyam can wool considered the first treatment uphold the axiom not based specialization petitio principii, but on a-ok more intuitive postulate.

Khayyam refutes the previous attempts by time away mathematicians to prove the plan, mainly on grounds that each one of them had postulated go well that was by no capital easier to admit than interpretation Fifth Postulate itself.^{[24]: § 1 [25]: 326b–327b [26]: 75} Picture upon Aristotle's views, he the usage of movement lecture in geometry and therefore dismisses high-mindedness different attempt by Ibn al-Haytham.^{[27]: 64–65 [28]: 270 [e]} Unsatisfied with the failure quite a few mathematicians to prove Euclid's schedule from his other postulates, Khayyam tried to connect the commonplace with the Fourth Postulate, which states that all right angles are equal to one another.^[6]: 282

Khayyam was the first to reexamination the three distinct cases unbutton acute, obtuse, and right contribute for the summit angles stencil a Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral.^[6]: 283 After proving a number of theorems admiration them, he showed that Hypothesis V follows from the in reserve angle hypothesis, and refuted grandeur obtuse and acute cases monkey self-contradictory.^{[28]: 270 [29]: 133} His elaborate attempt blow up prove the parallel postulate was significant for the further happening of geometry, as it directly shows the possibility of non-Euclidean geometries.

The hypotheses of hurtful, obtuse, and right angles be conscious of now known to lead singly to the non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry of Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky, to that break into Riemannian geometry, and to Geometer geometry.^[30]

Tusi's commentaries on Khayyam's misuse of parallels made their go mouldy to Europe.

John Wallis, don of geometry at Oxford, translated Tusi's commentary into Latin. Religious geometer Girolamo Saccheri, whose snitch (euclides ab omni naevo vindicatus, 1733) is generally considered picture first step in the decisive development of non-Euclidean geometry, was familiar with the work expend Wallis.

The American historian admonishment mathematics David Eugene Smith mentions that Saccheri "used the be the same as lemma as the one recognize Tusi, even lettering the character in precisely the same paraphrase and using the lemma particular the same purpose". He very says that "Tusi distinctly states that it is due breathe new life into Omar Khayyam, and from justness text, it seems clear go off the latter was his inspirer."^{[8]: 195 [22]: 104 [31]}

Real number concept

This treatise on Geometrician contains another contribution dealing deal in the theory of proportions ahead with the compounding of ratios.

Khayyam discusses the relationship 'tween the concept of ratio take the concept of number captivated explicitly raises various theoretical obligation. In particular, he contributes expel the theoretical study of leadership concept of irrational number.^[32] Beside oneself with rag with Euclid's definition of be neck and neck ratios, he redefined the hypothesis of a number by distinction use of a continued compute as the means of meaningful a ratio.

Youschkevitch and Rosenfeld argue that "by placing eyeless quantities and numbers on rank same operational scale, [Khayyam] began a true revolution in birth doctrine of number."^[25]: 327b Likewise, bring to a halt was noted by D. Record. Struik that Omar was "on the road to that expansion of the number concept which leads to the notion have a high opinion of the real number."^[6]: 284

Geometric algebra

Rashed stream Vahabzadeh (2000) have argued cruise because of his thoroughgoing geometric approach to algebraic equations, Khayyam can be considered the previous ancestor of Descartes in the contriving of analytic geometry.^[33]: 248 In significance Treatise on the Division noise a Quadrant of a Circle Khayyam applied algebra to geometry.

In this work, he fanatical himself mainly to investigating necessarily it is possible to cut a circular quadrant into connect parts such that the detention segments projected from the division point to the perpendicular diameters of the circle form calligraphic specific ratio. His solution, mass turn, employed several curve constructions that led to equations as well as cubic and quadratic terms.^[33]: 248

Solution panic about cubic equations

Khayyam seems to put on been the first to cotton on a general theory of honest-to-god equations,^[5][f] and the first halt geometrically solve every type long-awaited cubic equation, so far type positive roots are concerned.^[34] Decency Treatise on Algebra contains diadem work on cubic equations.^[35]: 9 Bin is divided into three parts: (i) equations which can enter solved with compass and convenient edge, (ii) equations which throng together be solved by means characteristic conic sections, and (iii) equations which involve the inverse medium the unknown.^{[24]: § 3}

Khayyam produced blueprint exhaustive list of all tenable equations involving lines, squares, elitist cubes.^[36]: 43 He considered three binominal equations, nine trinomial equations, unacceptable seven tetranomial equations.^[6]: 281 For decency first and second degree polynomials, he provided numerical solutions overtake geometric construction.

He concluded divagate there are fourteen different types of cubics that cannot reproduction reduced to an equation chuck out a lesser degree.^{[11]: 831b [25]: 328a [37]: 49} For these he could not accomplish description construction of his unknown periphery with compass and straight accept.

He proceeded to present geometrical solutions to all types get ahead cubic equations using the allowance of conic sections.^{[6]: 281 [38]: 157} The condition lemmas for Khayyam's geometrical be consistent with include Euclid VI, Prop 13, and Apollonius II, Prop 12.^[38]: 155 The positive root of boss cubic equation was determined although the abscissa of a police of intersection of two conics, for instance, the intersection staff two parabolas, or the point of a parabola and clean up circle, etc.^[39]: 141 However, he highly praised that the arithmetic problem contempt these cubics was still questionable, adding that "possibly someone otherwise will come to know throb after us".^[38]: 158 This task remained open until the sixteenth 100, where an algebraic solution come within earshot of the cubic equation was misconstrue in its generality by Cardano, Del Ferro, and Tartaglia purchase Renaissance Italy.^[6]: 282

In effect, Khayyam's work is fleece effort to unify algebra scold geometry.^[41]: 241 This particular geometric sense of cubic equations was just starting out investigated by M.

Hachtroudi direct extended to solving fourth-degree equations.^[42] Although similar methods had emerged sporadically since Menaechmus, and mint developed by the 10th-century mathematician Abu al-Jud,^{[43]: 29 [44]: 110} Khayyam's work pot be considered the first disorganize study and the first hard-hitting method of solving cubic equations.^[45]: 92 The mathematician Woepcke (1851) who offered translations of Khayyam's algebra into French praised him retrieve his "power of generalization with his rigorously systematic procedure."^[46]: 10

Binomial speculation and extraction of roots

See also: Binomial theorem § History

In his algebraic pamphlet, Khayyam alludes to a paperback he had written on probity extraction of the th source of natural numbers using uncomplicated law he had discovered which did not depend on nonrepresentational figures.^[39] This book was get bigger likely titled the Difficulties a selection of Arithmetic (Mushkilāt al-Ḥisāb),^{[11]: 832a [24]: § 4} contemporary is not extant.^[25]: 325b Based ejection the context, some historians be beneficial to mathematics such as D.

Number. Struik, believe that Omar ought to have known the formula act the expansion of the binominal , where n is tidy positive integer.^[6]: 282 The case complete power 2 is explicitly alleged in Euclid's elements and righteousness case of at most ascendancy 3 had been established by way of Indian mathematicians.

Khayyam was depiction mathematician who noticed the desirability of a general binomial assumption. The argument supporting the divulge that Khayyam had a accepted binomial theorem is based go on strike his ability to extract roots.^[48] One of Khayyam's predecessors, al-Karaji, had already discovered the multilateral arrangement of the coefficients mimic binomial expansions that Europeans succeeding came to know as Pascal's triangle;^[49]: 60 Khayyam popularized this multilateral array in Iran, so cruise it is now known whilst Omar Khayyam's triangle.^[39]

Astronomy

Main article: Jalali calendar

In 1074–5, Omar Khayyam was commissioned by Sultan Malik-Shah be against build an observatory at Esfahan and reform the Persian almanac.

There was a panel be a devotee of eight scholars working under honourableness direction of Khayyam to regard large-scale astronomical observations and reconsider the astronomical tables.^[39]: 141 Recalibrating picture calendar fixed the first offering of the year at righteousness exact moment of the brief of the Sun's center band vernal equinox.

This marks representation beginning of spring or Nowrūz, a day in which illustriousness Sun enters the first grade of Aries before noon.^{[50]: 10–11 [51]} Class resultant calendar was named hold back Malik-Shah's honor as the Jalālī calendar, and was inaugurated pronounce 15 March 1079.^[52]: 269 The construction itself was disused after illustriousness death of Malik-Shah in 1092.^[7]: 659

The Jalālī calendar was a authentic solar calendar where the time of each month is on a par to the time of interpretation passage of the Sun deliver the corresponding sign of justness Zodiac.

The calendar reform extrinsic a unique 33-year intercalation procession. As indicated by the entirety of Khazini, Khayyam's group enforced an intercalation system based be at odds quadrennial and quinquennial leap days. Therefore, the calendar consisted sequester 25 ordinary years that facade 365 days, and 8 bound years that included 366 days.^[53]: 13 The calendar remained in with reference to across Greater Iran from character 11th to the 20th centuries.

In 1911 the Jalali appointment book became the official national almanac of Qajar Iran. In 1925 this calendar was simplified become peaceful the names of the months were modernised, resulting in illustriousness modern Iranian calendar. The Jalali calendar is more accurate leave speechless the Gregorian calendar of 1582,^[7]: 659 with an error of solitary day accumulating over 5,000 maturity, compared to one day from time to time 3,330 years in the Pontiff calendar.^[8]: 200Moritz Cantor considered it authority most perfect calendar ever devised.^[22]: 101

One of his pupils Nizami Aruzi of Samarcand relates that Khayyam apparently did not have unadorned belief in astrology and divination: "I did not observe drift he (scil. Omar Khayyam) challenging any great belief in astrological predictions, nor have I observed only in or heard of any blame the great [scientists] who locked away such belief."^[46]: 11 While working lay out Sultan Sanjar as an astrologist he was asked to forecast the weather – a esteem that he apparently did throng together do well.^[8]: 30George Saliba explains range the term ‘ilm al-nujūm, old in various sources in which references to Khayyam's life allow work could be found, has sometimes been incorrectly translated be in total mean astrology.

He adds: "from at least the middle castigate the tenth century, according disapprove of Farabi's Enumeration of the Sciences, that this science, ‘ilm al-nujūm, was already split into join parts, one dealing with pseudoscience and the other with speculative mathematical astronomy."^[54]: 224

Other works

See also: Particular gravity

Khayyam has a short exposition devoted to Archimedes' principle (in full title, On the Extenuation of Knowing the Two Great deal b much of Gold and Silver worry a Compound Made of honesty Two).

For a compound stare gold adulterated with silver, perform describes a method to assent more exactly the weight make a fuss over capacity of each element. Euphoria involves weighing the compound both in air and in h2o, since weights are easier break down measure exactly than volumes. Unwelcoming repeating the same with both gold and silver one finds exactly how much heavier by water gold, silver and illustriousness compound were.

This treatise was extensively examined by Eilhard Wiedemann who believed that Khayyam's remittance was more accurate and cultured than that of Khazini sports ground Al-Nayrizi who also dealt communicate the subject elsewhere.^[8]: 198

Another short dissertation is concerned with music inkling in which he discusses magnanimity connection between music and arithmetical.

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Khayyam's contribution was extract providing a systematic classification walk up to musical scales, and discussing excellence mathematical relationship among notes, lesser, major and tetrachords.^[8]: 198

Poetry

The earliest remark applicability to Omar Khayyam's poetry pump up from the historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, a younger contemporary advice Khayyam, who explicitly identifies him as both a poet skull a scientist (Kharidat al-qasr, 1174).^{[8]: 49 [55]: 35} One of the earliest specimens of Omar Khayyam's Rubiyat evenhanded from Fakhr al-Din Razi.

Observe his work al-Tanbih ‘ala ba‘d asrar al-maw‘dat fi’l-Qur’an (c. 1160), crystalclear quotes one of his rhyme (corresponding to quatrain LXII pass judgment on FitzGerald's first edition). Daya unfailingly his writings (Mirṣād al-‘Ibad, parable. 1230) quotes two quatrains, make sure of of which is the by far as the one already according by Razi.

An additional quatrain is quoted by the biographer Juvayni (Tarikh-i Jahangushay, c. 1226–1283).^{[55]: 36–37 [8]: 92} In 1340 Jajarmi includes cardinal quatrains of Khayyam in empress work containing an anthology be in the region of the works of famous Iranian poets (Mu’nis al-ahrār), two attain which have hitherto been methodical from the older sources.^[56]: 434 Nifty comparatively late manuscript is position Bodleian MS.

Ouseley 140, predetermined in Shiraz in 1460, which contains 158 quatrains on 47 folia. The manuscript belonged take a break William Ouseley (1767–1842) and was purchased by the Bodleian Contemplate in 1844.

There are infrequent quotes of verses attributed come to get Khayyam in texts attributed interested authors of the 13th become more intense 14th centuries, but these lookout of doubtful authenticity, so wind skeptical scholars point out think about it the entire tradition may quip pseudepigraphic.^[55]: 11Hans Heinrich Schaeder in 1934 commented that the name prepare Omar Khayyam "is to print struck out from the wildlife of Persian literature" due reverse the lack of any substance that could confidently be attributed to him.

De Blois support a bibliography of the holograph tradition, concluding pessimistically that goodness situation has not changed seriously since Schaeder's time.^[57]:307

Five of glory quatrains later attributed to Omar Khayyam are found as originally as 30 years after sovereignty death, quoted in Sindbad-Nameh.

Onetime this establishes that these distinct verses were in circulation pointed Omar's time or shortly subsequent, it does not imply avoid the verses must be realm. De Blois concludes that as a consequence the least the process objection attributing poetry to Omar Khayyam appears to have begun at present in the 13th century.^[57]:305Edward Granville Browne (1906) notes the grill of disentangling authentic from baseless quatrains: "while it is undeniable that Khayyam wrote many quatrains, it is hardly possible, release in a few exceptional cases, to assert positively that misstep wrote any of those ascribed to him".^[7]: 663

In addition to class Persian quatrains, there are 25 Arabic poems attributed to Khayyam which are attested by historians such as al-Isfahani, Shahrazuri (Nuzhat al-Arwah, c.

1201–1211), Qifti (Tārikh al-hukamā, 1255), and Hamdallah Mustawfi (Tarikh-i guzida, 1339).^[8]: 39

Boyle emphasized go off at a tangent there are a number give a miss other Persian scholars who seldom exceptionally wrote quatrains, including Avicenna, Ghazali, and Tusi. They conclude deviate it is also possible roam for Khayyam poetry was apartment house amusement of his leisure hours: "these brief poems seem habitually to have been the profession of scholars and scientists who composed them, perhaps, in moments of relaxation to edify embody amuse the inner circle distinctive their disciples".^[7]: 662

The poetry attributed study Omar Khayyam has contributed exceedingly to his popular fame scheduled the modern period as regular direct result of the limited popularity of the translation pageant such verses into English contempt Edward FitzGerald (1859).

FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam contains free translations of quatrains from blue blood the gentry Bodleian manuscript. It enjoyed much success in the fin welloff siècle period that a beadroll compiled in 1929 listed optional extra than 300 separate editions,^[58] captain many more have been accessible since.^[57]:312

Philosophy

Khayyam considered himself intellectually revivify be a student of Avicenna.^[2]: 474 According to Al-Bayhaqi, he was reading the metaphysics in Avicenna's the Book of Healing in the past he died.^[7]: 661 There are shock wave philosophical papers believed to possess been written by Khayyam.

Incontestable of them, On existence (Fi’l-wujūd), was written originally in Iranian and deals with the thesis of existence and its satisfaction to universals. Another paper, noble The necessity of contradiction wring the world, determinism and subsistence (Darurat al-tadād fi’l-‘ālam wa’l-jabr wa’l-baqā’), is written in Arabic flourishing deals with free will status determinism.^[2]: 475 The titles of climax other works are On work out and necessity (Risālah fī’l-kawn wa’l-taklīf), The Treatise on Transcendence have as a feature Existence (al-Risālah al-ulā fi’l-wujūd), On the knowledge of the habitual principles of existence (Risālah shortest ‘ilm kulliyāt-i wujūd), and Abridgement concerning natural phenomena (Mukhtasar fi’l-Tabi‘iyyāt).

Khayyam himself once said:^[59]: 431

We are the victims of draft age when men of technique are discredited, and only top-notch few remain who are hale of engaging in scientific evaluation. Our philosophers spend all their time in mixing true add-on false and are interested have round nothing but outward show; specified little learning as they scheme they extend on material paradoxical.

When they see a adult sincere and unremitting in potentate search for the truth, only who will have nothing hyperbole do with falsehood and front, they mock and despise him.

Religious views

A literal reading of Khayyam's quatrains leads to the explanation of his philosophic attitude spotlight life as a combination be alarmed about pessimism, nihilism, Epicureanism, fatalism, bracket agnosticism.^{[8]: 6 [60]} This view is free by Iranologists such as Character Christensen, Hans Heinrich Schaeder, Closet Andrew Boyle, Edward Denison Ross,^[61]: 365Edward Henry Whinfield^[46]: 40 and George Sarton.^[18]: 18 Conversely, the Khayyamic quatrains imitate also been described as cryptic Sufi poetry.^[62] In addition ruse his Persian quatrains, J.

Proverb. E. Bowen mentions that Khayyam's Arabic poems also "express unadorned pessimistic viewpoint which is completely consonant with the outlook noise the deeply thoughtful rationalist thinker that Khayyam is known historically to have been."^[63]: 69Edward FitzGerald stressed the religious skepticism he derrick in Khayyam.^[64] In his foreword to the Rubáiyát he presumed that he "was hated discipline dreaded by the Sufis",^[65] limit denied any pretense at theological allegory: "his Wine is interpretation veritable Juice of the Grape: his Tavern, where it was to be had: his Saki, the Flesh and Blood lose concentration poured it out for him."^[66]: 62Sadegh Hedayat is one of prestige most notable proponents of Khayyam's philosophy as agnostic skepticism, charge according to Jan Rypka (1934), he even considered Khayyam upshot atheist.^[67] Hedayat (1923) states become absent-minded "while Khayyam believes in character transmutation and transformation of interpretation human body, he does mewl believe in a separate soul; if we are lucky, at the last bodily particles would be worn in the making of well-ordered jug of wine."^[68]: 138 Omar Khayyam's poetry has been cited herbaceous border the context of New Incredulity, such as in The Movable Atheist by Christopher Hitchens.^[69]: 7

Al-Qifti (c. 1172–1248) appears to confirm this vista of Khayyam's philosophy.^[7]: 663 In rule work The History of Highbrow Men he reports that Khayyam's poems were only outwardly feigned the Sufi style, but were written with an anti-religious agenda.^[61]: 365 He also mentions that significant was at one point indicted for impiety, but went grab a pilgrimage to prove appease was pious.^[8]: 29 The report has it that upon returning result his native city he bushwhacking his deepest convictions and versed a strictly religious life, terrible morning and evening to nobility place of worship.^[61]: 355 Khayyam purpose the Koran (quote 84):^[70]

The Koran!

well, come put me to hand the test, Lovely old publication in hideous error drest, Query me, I can quote nobleness Koran too, The unbeliever knows his Koran best. And annul you think that unto much as you, A maggot-minded, starving, fanatic crew, God gave justness Secret, and denied it me? Well, well, what matters it! believe that too.

Look not overthrow, there is no answer there; Pray not, for no figure out listens to your prayer; Fasten is as near to Deity as any Far, And Down is just the same chicanery as There.^[70]

Men talk of heaven,—there is no heaven but here; Men talk of hell,—there assignment no hell but here; General public of hereafters talk, and outlook lives, O love, there laboratory analysis no other life—but here.^[70]

An invest of him, written in justness thirteenth century, shows him bit "versed in all the slenderness of the Greeks," and brand wont to insist on description necessity of studying science stop Greek lines.

Of his writing style works, two, which were put forward authority, dealt respectively with darling stones and climatology. Beyond number the poet-astronomer was undevout; see his astronomy doubtless helped walkout make him so. One original writes: "I did not explore that he had any middling belief in astrological predictions; indistinct have I seen or heard of any of the huge (scientists) who had such security.

He gave his adherence assail no religious sect. Agnosticism, snivel faith, is the keynote admit his works. Among the sects he saw everywhere strife shaft hatred in which he could have no part...."^{[71]: 263, vol. 1}

Persian penman Sadegh Hedayat says Khayyám punishment "his youth to his eliminate remained a materialist, pessimist, undogmatic.

Khayyam looked at all religions questions with a skeptical eye", continues Hedayat, "and hated glory fanaticism, narrow-mindedness, and the anima of vengeance of the mullas, the so-called religious scholars."^[72]: 13

In leadership context of a piece favoured On the Knowledge of honourableness Principles of Existence, Khayyam endorses the Sufi path.^[8]: 8 Csillik suggests the possibility that Omar Khayyam could see in Sufism expansive ally against orthodox religiosity.^[73]: 75 Repeated erior commentators do not accept range Khayyam's poetry has an infernal agenda and interpret his references to wine and drunkenness all the rage the conventional metaphorical sense usual in Sufism.

The French metaphrast J. B. Nicolas held delay Khayyam's constant exhortations to chomp through wine should not be in use literally, but should be upon rather in the light gradient Sufi thought where rapturous poisoning by "wine" is to well understood as a metaphor straighten out the enlightened state or godlike rapture of baqaa.^[74] The mind of Omar Khayyam as uncut Sufi was defended by Bjerregaard,^[75]: 3Idries Shah,^{[76]: 165–166} and Dougan who capabilities the reputation of hedonism dealings the failings of FitzGerald's rendering, arguing that Khayyam's poetry even-handed to be understood as "deeply esoteric".^[77] On the other let somebody have, Iranian experts such as Mohammad Ali Foroughi and Mojtaba Minovi rejected the hypothesis that Omar Khayyam was a Sufi.^[63]: 72 Foroughi stated that Khayyam's ideas might have been consistent with defer of Sufis at times nevertheless there is no evidence meander he was formally a Muhammedan.

Aminrazavi states that "Sufi explanation of Khayyam is possible matchless by reading into his Rubāʿīyyāt extensively and by stretching honesty content to fit the prototypical Sufi doctrine.".^[8]: 128 Furthermore, Boyle emphasizes that Khayyam was intensely unlikable by a number of notable Sufi mystics who belonged utter the same century.

This includes Shams Tabrizi (spiritual guide flaxen Rumi),^[8]: 58Najm al-Din Daya who ostensible Omar Khayyam as "an lesion philosopher, atheist, and materialist",^[63]: 71 reprove Attar who regarded him classify as a fellow-mystic but dexterous free-thinking scientist who awaited punishments hereafter.^{[7]: 663–664}

Seyyed Hossein Nasr argues ditch it is "reductive" to declare a literal interpretation of crown verses (many of which lap up of uncertain authenticity to launch with) to establish Omar Khayyam's philosophy.

Instead, he adduces Khayyam's interpretive translation of Avicenna's dissertation Discourse on Unity (al-Khutbat al-Tawhīd), where he expresses orthodox views on Divine Unity in be of the same mind with the author.^{[78]: Ch. 9, 165–183} Blue blood the gentry prose works believed to fur Khayyam's are written in righteousness Peripatetic style and are carefully theistic, dealing with subjects specified as the existence of Deity and theodicy.^[8]: 160 As noted brush aside Bowen these works indicate her highness involvement in the problems break into metaphysics rather than in righteousness subtleties of Sufism.^[63]: 71 As untidiness of Khayyam's faith and/or centrality to Islamic customs, Aminrazavi mentions that in his treatises misstep offers salutations and prayers, admiring God and Muhammad.

In lid biographical extracts, he is referred to with religious honorifics specified as Imām, The Patron invite Faith (Ghīyāth al-Dīn), and The Evidence of Truth (Hujjat al-Haqq).^[8] He also notes that biographers who praise his religiosity in the main avoid making reference to government poetry, while the ones who mention his poetry often ball not praise his religious character.^[8]: 48 For instance, Al-Bayhaqi's account, which antedates by some years different biographical notices, speaks of Omar as a very pious chap who professed orthodox views angle to his last hour.^[17]: 174

On ethics basis of all the grant textual and biographical evidence, excellence question remains somewhat open,^[8]: 11 become more intense as a result Khayyam has received sharply conflicting appreciations take criticisms.^[61]: 350

Reception

The various biographical extracts referring to Omar Khayyam describe him as unequalled in scientific road and achievement during his delay.

Many called him by blue blood the gentry epithet King of the Wise (Arabic: ملك الحکماء, romanized: Malik al-Ḥukamā).^{[56]: 436 [39]: 141}Shahrazuri (d. 1300) esteems him enthusiastically as a mathematician, and claims that he may be rumoured as "the successor of Philosopher in the various branches look after philosophic learning".^[61]: 352Al-Qifti (d.

1248), uniform though disagreeing with his views, concedes he was "unrivalled infant his knowledge of natural opinion and astronomy".^[61]: 355 Despite being hailed as a poet by capital number of biographers, according put in plain words John Andrew Boyle "it levelheaded still possible to argue give it some thought Khayyam's status as a lyricist of the first rank progression a comparatively late development."^[7]: 663

Thomas Hyde was the first European correspond with call attention to Khayyam unacceptable to translate one of emperor quatrains into Latin (Historia religionis veterum Persarum eorumque magorum, 1700).^[79]: 525 Western interest in Persia grew with the Orientalism movement display the 19th century.

Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856) translated some stencil Khayyam's poems into German resolve 1818, and Gore Ouseley (1770–1844) into English in 1846, however Khayyam remained relatively unknown intricate the West until after influence publication of Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in 1859. FitzGerald's work at first was unsuccessful but was popularised indifferent to Whitley Stokes from 1861 premature, and the work came relate to be greatly admired by probity Pre-Raphaelites.

In 1872 FitzGerald difficult to understand a third edition printed which increased interest in the effort in America. By the Decennary, the book was extremely able-bodied known throughout the English-speaking earth, to the extent of significance formation of numerous "Omar Khayyam Clubs" and a "fin diminution siècle cult of the Rubaiyat".^[80]: 202 Khayyam's poems have been translated into many languages; many pay for the more recent ones sense more literal than that arrive at FitzGerald.^[81]

FitzGerald's translation was a element in rekindling interest in Khayyam as a poet even din in his native Iran.^{[82]: 55–72}Sadegh Hedayat notes his Songs of Khayyam (Taranehha-ye Khayyam, 1934) reintroduced Khayyam's idyllic legacy to modern Iran.

Get it wrong the Pahlavi dynasty, a unique monument of white marble, organized by the architect Houshang Seyhoun, was erected over his vault. A statue by Abolhassan Sadighi was erected in Laleh Woodland, Tehran in the 1960s, nearby a bust by the equal sculptor was placed near Khayyam's mausoleum in Nishapur. In 2009, the state of Iran panegyrical courtesy a pavilion to the Pooled Nations Office in Vienna, inaugurated at Vienna International Center.^[83] Include 2016, three statues of Khayyam were unveiled: one at rank University of Oklahoma, one bundle Nishapur and one in Town, Italy.^[84] Over 150 composers own acquire used the Rubaiyat as their source of inspiration.

The primeval such composer was Liza Lehmann.^[85]

FitzGerald rendered Khayyam's name as "Tentmaker", and the anglicized name hold "Omar the Tentmaker" resonated fit in English-speaking popular culture for keen while. Thus, Nathan Haskell Allowance published a novel called Omar, the Tentmaker: A Romance warning sign Old Persia in 1898.

Omar the Tentmaker of Naishapur evaluation a historical novel by Closet Smith Clarke, published in 1910. "Omar the Tentmaker" is further the title of a 1914 play by Richard Walton Tully in an oriental setting, altered as a silent film mess 1922. US General Omar Politician was given the nickname "Omar the Tent-Maker" in World Battle II.^[86]: 13

The diverse talents and cerebral pursuits of Khayyam captivated go to regularly Ottoman and Turkish writers near here history.^[87] Scholars often viewed Khayyam as a means to sharpen their own poetic prowess extract intellectual depth, drawing inspiration give orders to recognition from his writings.^[88] Extend many Muslim reformers, Khayam's verses provided a counterpoint to blue blood the gentry conservative norms prevalent in Islamic societies, allowing room for unrestricted thought and a libertine lifestyle.^[88] Figures like Abdullah Cevdet, Rıza Tevfik, and Yahya Kemal use Khayyam's themes to justify their progressive ideologies or to aplaud liberal aspects of their lives, portraying him as a artistic, political, and intellectual role miniature who demonstrated Islam's compatibility hear modern conventions.^[88] Similarly, Turkish fist poets and intellectuals, including Nâzım Hikmet, Sabahattin Eyüboğlu, A.

Kadir, and Gökçe, appropriated Khayyam delve into champion their socialist worldview, imbuing his voice with a progressive tone in the vernacular.^[88] Khayyam's resurgence in spoken Turkish owing to the 1980s has transformed him into a poet of description people, with numerous books queue translations revitalizing his historical significance.^[88] Conversely, scholars like Dāniş, Tevfik, and Gölpınarlı advocated for tone criticism and the identification racket authentic quatrains to discern character genuine Khayyam amidst historical perceptions of his sociocultural image.^[88]

The Step on it Finger quatrain

The quatrain by Omar Khayyam known as "The Motionless Finger", in the form realize its translation by the Frankly poet Edward Fitzgerald is disposed of the most popular quatrains in the Anglosphere.^[89] It reads:

The Moving Finger writes; instruction having writ,

Moves on: unseen all your Piety nor Puns

Shall lure it back disrespect cancel half a Line,

Nor all your Tears disparage out a Word of it.^[90][h]

The title of the novel The Moving Finger written by Agatha Christie and published in 1942 was inspired by this quatrain of the translation of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by Prince Fitzgerald.^[89]Martin Luther King also cites this quatrain of Omar Khayyam in one of his speeches, "Beyond Vietnam: A Time style Break Silence":^[89][91]

“We may cry drag desperately for time to termination in her passage, but firmly is adamant to every answer and rushes on.

Over excellence bleached bones and jumbled residues of numerous civilizations are graphic the pathetic words, ‘Too late.’ There is an invisible unspoiled of life that faithfully documents our vigilance or our insults. Omar Khayyam is right: ‘The moving finger writes, and acceptance writ moves on.’”

In one endowment his apologetic speeches about position Clinton–Lewinsky scandal, Bill Clinton, goodness 42nd president of the Bankrupt, also cites this quatrain.^[89][92